BIO306 Exam 3 Notes

Pomology

Producing, storing, processing, and marketing of fruits and nuts

Fruit

Mature ovary of a flowering plant or tree that includes seeds, its covers, and any connected parts

Simple fruit

One from a flower with a single pistil

Aggregate fruit

One from a single flower with several pistils (raspberries, blackberries, strawberries)

Multiple fruit

One from flowers that are separated by closely clustered (pineapple)

Endodormancy

Also known as rest, imposed by internal blocks in seeds and buds; regulated by hormones and overcome by winter chilling

Ectodormancy

Also known as quiescence, plant will not grow until external conditions are satisfied

Thinning

The removal of excess parts of a crop before it matures; typically executed on fruit crops

Napthaleneacetic acid (NAA)

Stimulated ethylene which slows development of youngest and weakest fruits, eventually abscising them; response of plant is proportional to amount applied; can cause flagging or phytotoxicity over 85 degrees.

Carbaryl

Safest means to thin as this almost never overthins; accidentally discovered to have thinning properties; an insecticide, and therefore toxic to honeybees

What is important in harvesting to prevent bruising and to keep fruit sanitary?

Prevention of fruit drop

Picked fruits are still ____

Living

Entomology

Branch of zoology concerned with the study of insects

Three main sections of an insect

Head, thorax, and abdomen

Metamorphosis

Changes in body shape and form

___% of insect species feed on plants

50

Coevolution

Evolution of one trait of a species in response to a trait in another

Phytophagous insect

One that feeds exclusively on plants

Monophagous insect

One that feeds on only one plant taxon

Oligophagous insect

One that feeds on a few plant taxa

Polyphagous insect

One that feeds on many plant groups

Why is it important to understand the mouthparts of insects?

To assess damage and determine control methods

Frass

Small holes caused by damage from chewing mouthparts

Honeydew

Sticky residue left behind by insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts

Galls

Tumor-like growth of plant tissue that provides a protective environment for an insect and harms the plant

Collembola

Springtails; nuisance on ornamentals and mushrooms

Orthoptera

Grasshoppers and mole crickets; feed on perennial plants and cause turf damage

Thysanoptera

Thrips; a major problem in greenhouse crops due to disease transmission

Heteroptera

True bugs; may discolor or disfigure leaves

Homoptera

Aphids and scale insects; known for leaving honeydew

Coleptera

Beetles; can be borers; adults and larvae have chewing mouthparts

Diptera

True flies

Lepidoptera

Butterflies; adults do not harm plants, but larvae may be leaf miners

Hymenoptera

Wasps and sawflies; have chewing mouthparts.

What threat do thrips pose to plants?

Disease transmission

What threat do grasshoppers and mole crickets pose to plants?

Feeding on perennial plants and causing turf damage

What threat do springtails pose to plants?

Nuisance on ornamentals and mushrooms

What should be known about beetles?

Both adults and larvae have chewing mouthparts

What should be known about true flies?

May have chewing or piercing-sucking mouthparts

What threat do butterflies pose to plants?

Larvae may be leaf miners

What should be known about the order that contains sawflies?

Contains annoying ants and beneficial bees

What pest species is born pregnant?

Aphids

What pest species has males that are haploid?

Mites

Ovaries become _____.

fruit

Why are fruit crops thinned?

Increases fruit size, promotes higher sugar content, increases fruit coloration, reduces limb breakage, reduces diseases and pests, and allows the alternation of bearing tendencies.