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Pomology
Producing, storing, processing, and marketing of fruits and nuts
Fruit
Mature ovary of a flowering plant or tree that includes seeds, its covers, and any connected parts
Simple fruit
One from a flower with a single pistil
Aggregate fruit
One from a single flower with several pistils (raspberries, blackberries, strawberries)
Multiple fruit
One from flowers that are separated by closely clustered (pineapple)
Endodormancy
Also known as rest, imposed by internal blocks in seeds and buds; regulated by hormones and overcome by winter chilling
Ectodormancy
Also known as quiescence, plant will not grow until external conditions are satisfied
Thinning
The removal of excess parts of a crop before it matures; typically executed on fruit crops
Napthaleneacetic acid (NAA)
Stimulated ethylene which slows development of youngest and weakest fruits, eventually abscising them; response of plant is proportional to amount applied; can cause flagging or phytotoxicity over 85 degrees.
Carbaryl
Safest means to thin as this almost never overthins; accidentally discovered to have thinning properties; an insecticide, and therefore toxic to honeybees
What is important in harvesting to prevent bruising and to keep fruit sanitary?
Prevention of fruit drop
Picked fruits are still ____
Living
Entomology
Branch of zoology concerned with the study of insects
Three main sections of an insect
Head, thorax, and abdomen
Metamorphosis
Changes in body shape and form
___% of insect species feed on plants
50
Coevolution
Evolution of one trait of a species in response to a trait in another
Phytophagous insect
One that feeds exclusively on plants
Monophagous insect
One that feeds on only one plant taxon
Oligophagous insect
One that feeds on a few plant taxa
Polyphagous insect
One that feeds on many plant groups
Why is it important to understand the mouthparts of insects?
To assess damage and determine control methods
Frass
Small holes caused by damage from chewing mouthparts
Honeydew
Sticky residue left behind by insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts
Galls
Tumor-like growth of plant tissue that provides a protective environment for an insect and harms the plant
Collembola
Springtails; nuisance on ornamentals and mushrooms
Orthoptera
Grasshoppers and mole crickets; feed on perennial plants and cause turf damage
Thysanoptera
Thrips; a major problem in greenhouse crops due to disease transmission
Heteroptera
True bugs; may discolor or disfigure leaves
Homoptera
Aphids and scale insects; known for leaving honeydew
Coleptera
Beetles; can be borers; adults and larvae have chewing mouthparts
Diptera
True flies
Lepidoptera
Butterflies; adults do not harm plants, but larvae may be leaf miners
Hymenoptera
Wasps and sawflies; have chewing mouthparts.
What threat do thrips pose to plants?
Disease transmission
What threat do grasshoppers and mole crickets pose to plants?
Feeding on perennial plants and causing turf damage
What threat do springtails pose to plants?
Nuisance on ornamentals and mushrooms
What should be known about beetles?
Both adults and larvae have chewing mouthparts
What should be known about true flies?
May have chewing or piercing-sucking mouthparts
What threat do butterflies pose to plants?
Larvae may be leaf miners
What should be known about the order that contains sawflies?
Contains annoying ants and beneficial bees
What pest species is born pregnant?
Aphids
What pest species has males that are haploid?
Mites
Ovaries become _____.
fruit
Why are fruit crops thinned?
Increases fruit size, promotes higher sugar content, increases fruit coloration, reduces limb breakage, reduces diseases and pests, and allows the alternation of bearing tendencies.