Race, Ethnicity, and Crime Midterm

___ is defined as the combination of factors including gender, race, social class, age, ability, religion, sexual orientation, and geographical location. 

Social Location

___ consists of strong feelings or beliefs about a person or subject, pre-judging others without reviewing facts or information; often based on fear

Prejudice

This person argued that the frequency of homicide rates in southern portions of Italy were due to biology.

Cesare Lombroso

Community policing first emerged in which decade?

1980s

The FBI collects crime statistics from law enforcement and the ___ providing information on non-fatal victimization. 

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

While bail is not guaranteed by the constitution, the ___ Amendment that when given is should not be excessive 

Eighth Amendment

This person conducted a study in Philadelphia’s seventh ward in the late 1800s that provided insight into crime and other social problems

W.E.B Du Bois

___ is the racial or ethnic group in America with the highest levels of education in median house income 

Asian Americans

The history of the FBI’s Uniform Crime Report began in ___

1927

This act provides Native Americans with reservation lands

Dawes Act

A defendant can receive an emergency pretrial release due to ___

Prison overcrowding

What supreme court case stated that shooting a fleeing felon was unconstitutional

Tennessee v. Garner 

What theory focuses on struggles between individuals and groups in terms of power differentials

Social conflict theory

Which one of the following Amendments ended slavery in the U.S. 

Thirteenth

In the bell curve by ___ and ___ they argued that low IQ scores led people to be drawn to danger

Richard Hernstein and Charles Murrau

1. This source of crime data was used to replace the UCR as a primary source of crime date

national incident based reporting system (NIBRS)

This term was used to describe “crime on the streets” rather than “crime in the suites”

White privilege

___ became the commonwealth of the United States in 1950s

Puerto Rico

This system collects state and local data on incidents of human trafficking

Human trafficking reporting system

___ refers to an offense committed against individuals because of their race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or disability

Hate crime

Which racial group receives the most favorable plea bargains according to studies involving misdemeanor marijuana arrests in New York  

Asian Americans

This act places stringent quota on the number of Italians than can immigrate to the country

The immigration act of 1924

In the 1990s, ___ was the most visible form of racial profiling.

Driving while black/brown

This term refers to police officer activities that are inconsistent with the officer's official authority, organizational authority, values, and standards of ethics

Police deviance

This act requires FBI to collect statistics on hate crimes

The hate crime statistics act of 1990 (HCSA)

What percentage of drivers at traffic stops believe that police act appropriately?

More than 80%

___ occurs when a juror believes that the presented evidence in a trial establishes the guilt of the defendant but still votes to acquit it

Jury Nullification

Which court is the final step before reaching the U.S. Supreme Court?

Court of appeals

___ program allowed Mexican-Ameriacns to come to the U.S. to do agricultural work during WWII

Bracero program

The first drug court was created in which state in 1989?

Florida

Which was NOT one of the “Ten Precepts of American Slavery Jurisprudence”?

• Color

• Powerlessness

• Religion

• Manumission of free blacks

Manumission of free blacks

1. Which of the following racial/ethnic groups is arrested for the most crime in the United States?

a. African Americans

b. Native Americans

c. Latinos

d. White Americans

White Americans

1. Herrnstein and Murray argued that low ____________ leads to people being drawn to danger and having “an insensitivity to pain or social ostracism, and a host of derangements of various sorts.”

a. self-control

b. IQ

c. impulsivity

d. Delinquency

IQ

1. In 1887, the General Allotment or __________ permitted tribal lands to be allotted to individual Indians, making them landowners and farmers.

a. Dawes Act

b. White desperados

c. Five Civilized Tribes

d. Indian Country

Dawes Act