APUSH unit 8 vocab (8.7-8.14)

covert action

A military/political activity performed in secrecy that would break specific laws/compromise policy in another country

Suez crisis

Invasion of Egypt by Israel, France and the UK

Eisenhower Doctrine

The US pledged economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern country threatened by communism

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Enabled the co-operation of leading oil-producing countries in order to collectively influence the global oil market and maximize profit

Yom Kippur (October) war

oil embargo

Temporary cessation of oil shipments to several countries; Arab members of OPEC; caused worldwide shortage; inflation, loss of manufacturing jobs, and a lower standard of living in the US; harmed blue collar workers

Camp David Accords

Provided a framework for a peace settlement between Israel and Egypt 

Peace Corps

An organization that recruited young American volunteers to give technical aid to developing countries

Alliance for Progress

Meant to transform and modernize Latin America

Ngo Dinh Diem

Led south Vietnam govt

domino theory

The US reasoned that if a country fell to communism, nearby countries would soon follow suit

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

For the defense of the SE Asian countries

Tonkin Guld Resolution

Gave the prez, as commander in chief, a blank check to take “all necessary measure” to protect US interest in Vietnam

General William Westmoreland

Commander of the US forces in Vietnam, assured the American public that he could see “light at the end of the tunnel”

Tet Offensive

Failed military attack by Vietcog on almost every provincial capital and American base in South Vietnam

Robert F Kennedy (RFK)

Senator of NY

Richard Nixon

republican Prez; responsible for getting US out of Vietnam war through “vietnamization”; responsible for Nixon doctrine

Democratic Convention in Chicago

Purpose was to elect a suitable nominee to run as the Democratic party’s choice for a prez in the 1968 election

Hubert Humphrey

Lyndon Johnson’s Vice Prez; democrat

Vietnamization

Policy of gradually withdrawing US troops from Vietnam and transferring the responsibility of the war to the South Vietnamese

Nixon Doctrine

Declare that in the future Asian allies would receive US support but without the extensive use of US ground forces

extension of Vietnamization

Kent State

Shooting of unarmed college students; event of anti-vietnam war movement

My Lai

Mass murder of women and children by US troops in this Vietnamese village during Vietnam war

Pentagon Papers

A secret govt study documenting the mistakes and deceptions of govt policymakers in dealing with Vietnam

Paris Accords

Promised a cease-fire and free elections

War Power Act

Required Nixon and any future president to report to Congress within 48 hours after taking military action

Lydon Johnson

civil rights activist; 36th prez; signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965

Great Society

Prez Lyndon Johnson; “equitable and just country”; aimed to increase liberalism and belief in the efficacy of the govt to achieve social goals; sought to extend the benefits of affluence to all Americans and to eradicate poverty

war on poverty

Expansive social welfare legislation; intended to help end poverty in the US; party of Great Society

medicare

Provided health insurance for all people 65 and older

medicaid

Provided funds to states to pay for medical care for the poor and disabled

Silent Spring

Rachel Carson; book written to voice the concerns of environmentalists; assailed the increasing use of pesticides, particularly DDT

James Meredith

first black American to attend the University of Mississippi; civil rights activist

George Wallace

southern populist; segregationist; governor of Alabama

Letter from Birmingham Jail

MLK wrote this while he was imprisoned for his participation in Nonviolent demonstrations against segregation

March on Washington

peaceful demonstration led by MLK; attended by 200,000 supporters; MLK gave “I Have a Dream” speech

“I Have a Dream” Speech

MLK; civil rights movement; civil rights legislation and end racial discrimination

Civil Rights Act

sought to undo the damage of Jim Crow policies, outlawing segregation in public spaces and employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, sex, religion, or national origin

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

works to eliminate employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender, disability, age or other criteria unrelated to job performance

24th amendment

prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax

March to Montgomery

A march that was attempted many times to protest voting rights, with many peaceful demonstrators injured and killed

Voting Rights Act of 1965

removed barriers to black enfranchisement in the South, banning poll taxes, literacy tests, and other measures that effectively prevented African Americans from voting

Black Muslim

a religious group, founded by Elijah Muhammad to promote black separatism and the Islamic religion

Malcolm X

a Black Muslim minister in the Nation of Islam and an influential black leader who moved away from King's non-violent methods of civil disobedience

Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC)

Involved in the American Civil Rights Movement formed by students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism; a student based civil rights organization. Their actions, such as sit-ins, helped pass civil right laws

Congress of racial equality (CORE)

interracial American organization established by James Farmer in 1942 to improve race relations and end discriminatory policies through direct-action projects

Stokely Carmichael

black civil rights activist; leader of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

black panthers

An African-American organization established to promote Black Power and self-defense through acts of social agitation

de facto segregation

where people stay away from the other race not by law, but because of natural separation due to socio-economic conditions

The Feminine Mystique

novel by Betty Friedan which spoke about feminist protest and the boredom of suburban housewifery

National Organization for Women (NOW)

called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women; championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution

Equal Pay Act of 1963

made it illegal to pay women lower wages than men for the job solely because they are women

Civil Rights Act of 1964

prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin

Title IX (title 9)

prohibited sex discrimination in any educational programs or activities that are funded by the fed govt

equal rights amendment

A proposed amendment that would ban any discrimination based on sex. Although defeated, the popularity of the amendment showed how far the feminists had come.

Warren Court

created when Eisenhower appointed the previously conservative Earl Warren as chief justice over William J. Brennan Jr.

The court became a vehicle for social change and advocate for individual rights. expanded civil rights, civil liberties, judicial power, and the federal power

Mapp v Ohio

The Court ruled that evidence seized illegally could not be used in state courts

Miranda v Arizona

Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police

Students for a Democratic Society

radical leftist student organization; activist movement in the United States that was one of the main representations of the New Left

New Left

name loosely associated w liberal, radical, Marxist political movements

Woodstock

counterculture festival occured in 1969 on a farm in New York State

Three Mile Island

a partial nuclear meltdown that occurred on March 28, 1979, in one of the two Three Mile Island nuclear reactors in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, United States.

It was the worst accident in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant history.

Earth Day

raise public awareness about pollution

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

A governmental organization signed into law by Richard Nixon in 1970 designed to regulate pollution, emissions, and other factors that negatively influence the natural environment.

Clean Air Act

strict auto emissions guidelines, and regulations, which set air pollution standards for private industry

Clean Water Act

objective is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters by preventing point and nonpoint pollution sources

Endangered Species Act

law aimed at protecting species threatened with extinction and preserving the ecosystems upon which they depend

silent majority

Nixon Administration's term to describe generally content, law-abiding middle-class Americans who supported both the Vietnam War and America's institutions

Southern strategy

Republican Party electoral strategy to increase political support among white voters in the South by appealing to racism against African Americans

Watergate

The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment

Gerald Ford

first person to be appointed Vice President of the United States. When Richard Nixon resigned in 1974, _____ became President

Jimmy Carter

39th Prez; arranged Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel in 1978

Burger Court

a conservative jurist appointed by Nixon that nonetheless continued the judicial activism of the Warren Court as seen by Roe v. Wade

The conservative Chief Justice voted with the majority in the Roe case, which guaranteed to women the right to have abortions

Roe v Wade

established a woman's legal right to have an abortion under certain circumstances, effectively legalizing abortion nationwide

Moral Majority

organization made up of conservative Christian political action committees which campaigned on issues its personnel believed were important to maintaining its Christian conception of moral law