Applied Anatomy and Physiology

The Musculoskeletal system

The combined system of the skeletal system and the muscular system, that work together to provide movement

Flat bones

These bones are often quite large and protect vital organs

Long bones

These bones enable gross movement

Short bones

These enable finer, controlled movements

Irregular bones

These are specifically shaped to protect.

Articulating bones

These are bones that meet at a joint to enable movement

The shoulder

The scapula, clavicle and humerus are articulating bones that meet at which joint?

The elbow

The humerus, radius and ulna are articulating bones that meet at which joint?

The hip

The pelvis and femur are articulating bones that meet at which joint?

The knee

The femur, patella, fibula and tibia are articulating bones that meet at which joint?

The ankle

The tibia, fibula and talus are articulating bones that meet at which joint?

The Cranium, clavicle, sternum, ribs and pelvis

Name 5 examples of flat bones

The humerus, radius, ulna, femur and tibia

Name 5 examples of long bones

The carpals and tarsals

Name 2 examples of short bones

The spine and the patella

Name 2 examples of irregular bones

The tarsals

These short bones sit between the lower leg and the top of the foot to allow for movement within the feet

The carpals

These short bones sit within the wrist, between the hand and forearm allowing for movement in the hand

The rib cage, scapula and sternum

These flat bones protects the heart and lungs

The pelvis and sacrum

These flat bones protect the reproductive organs and the bladder

The cranium

This flat bone protects the brain

The clavicle

This flat bone protects the brain and the blood vessels to the neck

The vertebrae

These are irregular bones that protect the spinal cord

Mandible

This flat bone is the lower jaw

Humerus

This long bone is the upper arm bone

The radius

This long bone is in your lower arm and is on the thumb side

The Ulna

This long bone is in you lower arm on your pinkie side

The femur

This long bone is your thigh bone

The tibia

This long bone is your shin bone

The fibula

This long bone is the calf bone

The patella

This irregular bone is your knee cap

The talus

This is the ankle bone

The metacarpals

These long bones form the top of the hand

The phalanges

These long bones are your fingers and your toes

The metatarsals

These are the bones on the top of your foot

Tendons

These connect muscle to bone. They are very strong non-elastic cords.

Ligaments

These connect bone to bone. They are bands of elastic fibre and keep the joint stable by restricting the amount of movement.

support, protection, movement, structure, mineral storage and blood cell production

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

It supports muscles and vital organs. Without the skeleton you wouldn't be able to move

How does the skeletal system support the body?

It protects vital organs. Protection is essential for physical activity and long term health and reduces the chance of injury

How does the skeletal system protect the body?

Movement occurs at the joints when muscles contract, pulling the bones in the desired direction

How does the skeletal system help the body move?

It provides something for the muscles to attach onto, which forms the body's basic structure

How does the skeletal system help structure the body?

Mineral storage is vital for all bodily functions, minerals are stored in the bone marrow.

How does the skeletal system help with mineral storage?

Blood cell production happens in the bone marrow. Red blood cells carry oxygen for aerobic respiration and white blood cells fight infection

How does the skeletal system help with blood cell production?

Synovial joints

These are freely moveable joints characterised by fluid filled spaces between cartilage and the joint capsule

Synovial fluid

This is a viscous fluid that reduces friction that could occur against the cartilage. It is a clear slippery liquid that lubricates the joint.

The Bursae

This is a sac filled with fluid that reduces friction between tendons and bones

The joint cavity

This is filled with synovial fluid which prevents bones rubbing against each other

synovial membrane

This is the lining inside the joint capsule that helps to maintain the synovial fluid, releasing it into the joint

The Joint capsule

This is a piece of tissue around the joint that stops the synovial fluid from escaping. It encloses, supports and holds the joint together

Cartalige

This is a tough, flexible tissue that covers the end of bones, providing a smooth, friction-free surface

Ball and socket joint

This is a joint that allows for rotation, circumduction, adduction, abduction as well as flexion and extension.

The shoulder and the hip

Name 2 examples of a ball and socket joint

Hinge joints

These are joints that allow for flexion and extension (at your knee and elbow), flexion and extension (at your ankle)

Knee, elbow and ankle

Name 3 examples of a hinge joint

Extension

The increase in the angle of bones at a joint

Flexion

The decrease in the angle of bones at a joint

Abduction

The movement of a bone or limb away from the midline of the body

Adduction

The movement of a bone or limb towards the midline of the body

Rotation

A circular movement around a joint

Plantar flexion

A movement at an ankle joint that points the toes and increases the angle at the joint

Dorsiflexion

A movement at an ankle joint that flexes the foot upwards and decreases the angle at a joint

Circumduction

A circular rotation around a joint. It is a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction

Aerobic exercise

Working at a low to moderate intensity so that the body has time to use oxygen for energy production and can work for a long period of time

glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

It comes from the break down of carbohydrates which forms glucose. This is then used in respiration to produce energy

Where does energy come from?

Anaerobic exercise

Working for short periods of time at a high intensity without oxygen for energy production

Glucose --> energy + lactic acid

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?

Lactic acid

A mild poison and a waste product of anaerobic respiration

EPOC

The amount of energy needed to recover from anaerobic exercise. It replenishes the body with oxygen to break down lactic acid. It's characterised by deeper and faster breathing

Deltoids

These create abduction at the shoulder and raise your arm sideways. They are at the top of your shoulder

Pectorals

These are your chest muscles and they create adduction at the shoulder across the chest

Biceps

These are at the front of the upper arm and they cause flexion at the elbow

Abdominals

These are your stomach muscles and they allow you to flex your trunk

Quadriceps

These are your thigh muscles and they make extension

of the leg possible at the knee

Triceps

These are located at the back of upper arm and create extension at the elbow

Gluteals

These allow extension,

abduction and adduction at the hip

Hamstrings

These are on the back of your thigh and allow flexion of the leg at the knee

Gastrocnemius

This is your calf muscle and allows you to stand on tiptoes, by creating extension at the ankle

Latissimus dorsi

Extends, adducts, and rotates the arm; draws the shoulder downward and backward

Rotator cuffs

This is on the side of your shoulder

Hip flexors

A muscle group that aids in the flexion of the hip

tibialis anterior

This is located on the side of your lower leg and creates dorsiflexion and plantar flexion at the ankle

Trapezius

This rotates the arm and is located on the back of your shoulder

primer mover (agonist)

The muscle or group of muscles that contract to create movement. This works in an antagonistic pair with the antagonist

Antagonist

The muscle or group of muscles that relax to allow a movement to take place. This works in an antagonistic pair with the agonist

antagonistic pairs

muscles that act on opposite sides of a joint

The biceps and triceps

Which muscles act at the elbow to create flexion and extension?

The hip flexors and gluteals

Which muscles act at the hip to create flexion and extension?

The hamstring group and quadricep group

Which muscle groups act at the knee to create flexion and extension?

The tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius

Which muscles act at the ankle to create dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?

Isotonic contraction

A muscle contraction where the muscle changes length when it contracts. There are two types of this.

Isotonic concentric contraction

When the muscle contracts and shortens

isotonic eccentric contraction

When the muscle contracts and lengthens

Isometric contraction

A muscle contraction where the length of the muscle does not change when it contracts

DOMS

delayed onset muscle soreness, muscle discomfort 24-36 hr after exercise

carbohydrate loading

the practice of greatly increasing carbohydrate intake and decreasing exercise on the days immediately before a competition. This boosts performance and limits the length and severity of the recovery period

Hypertropy

increase in the size of tissue, such as muscle

Protein

The intake of what is really important for power athletes whilst training? This provides the body with the nutrients it needs to heal the tears quickly and build muscle.

Ice baths

Treat both tissue swelling & soreness following hard exercise. It causes constriction (narrowing) of blood vessels surrounding muscles, squeezes blood and waste products away from muscles. After, blood rushes to muscles and fresh oxygenated blood & nutrients enter muscles.

Massage

This increases blood flow to a sore area, speeding up the healing process and reducing pain