Bio Final Study Guide

what does DNA stand for

deoxyribonucleic acid

what is dna structure overall

DNA is a double helix formed by two strands made up of nucleotides, featuring a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases pairing through hydrogen bonds. And they are antiparralel

what are the monomers for DNA

nucleotides

what is deoxyribose

a 5 carbon sugar

what are chargaffs rules

c-g and a-t base pairs

how many hydrogen bonds from t-a

2

how many hydrogen bonds from g-c

3

what was griffiths responding variable

mice lived or died

who were the scientists in the 1950s that used radioactive isotopes to prove evidence that DNA carried genetic material

hershey and chase

in hershey and chases experiment radioactive_______ was used to label the ________ in the virus

sulfur,proteins

what is deoxyribose chemical formula

C₅H₁₀O₄

what is RNA structure

single stranded and composed by ribose

what direction does DNA polymerase work in

3 to 5 direction

who were the scientists that studied the replication of DNA using nitrorgen isotopes

meselson and stahl

dna replication is considered a ____ process

semiconservative

during DNA replication, the______ strand is made continuosly

leading

during DNA replication, the_____ strand is made in peices called the okazaki fragments

lagging

what are the proteins that keep the strands of DNA from reataching

single-stranded binding proteins

what do DNA polymerase a(I) do

replaces RNA primers with the correct nucleotides

what does primase do

adds RNA primers to the new strands

what does helicase do

cuts hydrogen bonds between base pairs by unwinding them

what does topoisomerase do

relives the strain of overwinding ahead of replication forks

what does ligase do

glues together the okazaki fragments

what does DNA polymerase d(III) do

adds most of the complimentary base pairs to parent strands and checks and fixes for errors

how does RNA differ from DNA

its single stranded and contains ribose

in RNA what is adenine complimentary to

uracil

whats a codon

nucleotide triplet in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid

what happens at the begining of translation

binds to the mRNA start codon in the reading window

what does tRNA do

carries an amino acid to the correct codon

the process of making mRNA from DNA is called

transcription

the process of making proteins from mRNA is called

translation

what are purines and pyrimidines

classifications of nitrogen bases

what are the purines

a and g

what are the pyrimadines

c and t

what are t lymphocytes responsible for

recognizing antigens on MCHII on the anitgen presenting cell

what are lymph nodes

check points in our lympmatic system

what are neutophils and what precentage of our WBC do they make up

WBC that is the first responder and fights most of bacterial infections and they make up 54-62% of our WBC

what are basophils and what percentage of our WBC do they make up

they cause inflimation and realese histamine and heparin which prevents blood clotting and makes up less than 1% of our WBC

what are eosinophils and what percentage of our WBC do they make up

they fight worm infestations and make up 1-3% of our WBC

what are monocytes and what percentage of our WBC do they make up

largest white blood cell that becomes an agresive eater and turns into macrophage when realeased into blood stream. 3-9% of our WBC

what are lymphocytes and how much of our WBC do they make up

T cells and B cells and make up 25% to 33% of our WBC

what do helper T cells do

they recognize foreign antigens on macrophages and stimulate B cells and T cells to reproduce

what do cytotoxic T cells do

attack the cells

what is the chemical that drills holes into the infected cells

perforin

what do plasma B cells do

secrete antigens

what do Memory B cells do

remember prier infections

ecology is what

study of realationships among living organisms and their enviroments

where does most of the energy in an ecosystem come from

sun

A ______ is a simple model of the energy flow through an ecosystem

food chain

what is the first organism to come in primary succesion

lichen

primary succesion takes _____ years, while secondary succesion takes ______ of years

thousands, hundreds

what is the main diffrence between primary and secondary succesion

the presence of soil

whats a niche

the role each organism plays in its enviroment

whats a indivdual

single member of a species

whats a population

all species in a defined area

whats a community

all biotic factors in an area

whats a ecosystem

all biotic and abiotic factors

whats a biome

similar climate and plants

whats a biosphere

all living things

whats competition

organisms compete for same resources or space

whats predation

one organism kills another for food

whats symbiosis

realationship between two organisms

whats commensalism

one benifits, other neither harmed or helped

whats parasitism

one helped, one harmed

whats mutalism

everybody benifits

whats trophic mutalism

share energy and nutrients

whats defensive mutalism

one organism defending for the other and the other proviing nutrients for the defender

whats dispersive mutalism

one gets shelter and the other gets nutrients

what was the name of the ship darwin sailed on

HMS Beagle

when did Darwin go on his voyage

1831 to 1836

what were all of the birds that darwin founds origin

common ground finch

darwin found the remnats of _____ at the top of the _____ mountains

marine floor shells, andes

what did darwin see for evidence as the earth changing

a volcano and an earthquake

what did darwin blame the death of his daughter on

the children of first cousin marriages were weaker

what were the major missions of the voyage darwin went on

to survery the coasts of south america and make maps of them and to convert natives to christianity

who was owen

a creationist and a antatomist that showed darwin his fossils were from an extinct creature

who were hutton and lyell

they were geologists who showed darwin the earth is millions of years old and said that to descibe how the earth is formed you must do it in ways we can observe today

who was captain fitzroy

he was the captian of the HMS beagle and he was a creationist. He gave darwin the birds that helped him a lot

who was huxley

a biologist and antherpologist who advacated for darwin a lot especialy after he published his book

who was wallace

a naturalist and expolorer who said publish your book or I wil publish mine to darwin

what was the name of darwins book

on the origin of species by means of natural selection

whats natural selection

a process which says that organisms with better traits will be better suited to live in their enviroment and those who are not will dye off

whats descent with modification

all living organisms share a common ancestor and that new species will come from this ancestor by modifying over generations

whats survival of the fittest

the organism better fit for the enviroment will survive and the organisms that arnt will die

whats struggle for existence

organisms having competition for space, water, food etc.

what does ATP stand for

adenosine triphosphate

what is the photosyntheic equation

6CO₂+6H₂0 to C₆H₁₂O₂+6O₂

what is inside of a thylakoid

lumen

what are several thylakoids called

granam

what are several granams called

grana

what is the liquid that is inside of a chloroplast called

stroma

what does the light dependent RXN use

Light, H₂O

what does the light dependent RXN produce

ADP+ P_i which go to ATP and NADP⁺ and H⁺ which turns into NADPH

what does the light indipendent RXN use

NADPH,ATP,CO₂

what does the light independent reaction produce

glucose

where are the proteins for the electron tranport chain

in the stroma

what are the chemicals that absorb some wavelengths in light

pigments

what is the endosymbiotic theory

that chloroplasts and mitchondria used to be their own organells

what is cellular respiration

how we convert food into energy

what is the equation for cellular respirtaion

C₆H₁₂+6O₂ to 6CO₂+6H₂O