REN R 210 - Module 1

Pedon

Smallest volume that can be regarded as a soil

Illuviation

Additions or inputs

Elluviation (e)

Loses or exits

Alluvial

Moving water (high or low energy)

Lacustrine

Standing water (low energy)

Marine

Tides (high or low energy)

Eolian

Wind (low energy)

Glacial

Moraine, ice (high energy)

Colluvial

Gravity (high energy)

A horizon

Elluviation and illuviation

B horizon

Illuviation

C horizon

Parent material

Oxidized iron colour

Orange

Reduced iron colour

Blue/gray

Sand

0.02mm-2mm

Silt

0.002mm-0.02mm

Clay

< 0.002mm

Granular

A - OM addition. < 0.5cm diameter. Usually found where roots grow

Platy

A - Clay loss

Blocky

B - clay addition. Irregular blocks. 1.5-5.0cm diameter

Columnar

B - sodium additions. Have salt “cap”. Arid climates

Single grained

coarse texture (no glue) Common is sandy soil.

Value

degree of darkness (0 black - 10 white)

Chroma

Intensity of colour (0 pastel - 10 bright)

Loam

Equal distributions of all soil particles

Varves

Horizontal lines inherited from parent material deposition

OM and clay

Two things that bind soil structure.

Factors

Climate, organisms, parent material, relief, time (Cl,O,R,P,T)

Processes

Additions, loses, translocation, transformations, mixing

Order, great group, subgroup, family, series

Soil classification, least to most specific

II

Lithologic discontinuity represented as…

Translocation

OM, clay

Transformation

OM, minerals

Podzolic

Acidic parent geologic materials with coarse texture, humid to perhumid soil moisture regime, cold to mild climate, forest vegetation. Fe

Luvisolic

Calcareous parent geologic materials with medium to fine texture, subhumid to humid soil moisture regime, cold to mild climate, forest vegetation. Clay

Chernozemic

Calcareous parent geologic material of coarse to fine texture, subarid to subhumid soil moisture regime, cool boreal to cold cryoboreal soil temperature class, grass vegetation. Ah

Brunisolic

Calcareous to acidic parent geologic materials of coarse to fine texture, semiarid to perhumid soil moisture regime, very cold to mild climate, grass or forest vegetation.

Solonetzic

Calcareous and saline parent geologic material of medium to fine texture, subarid to subhumid soil moisture regime, cool to cold climate, grass vegetation

Solum

represents the part of soil profile that has undergone pedopegetic changes

High moisture, high content

Low value leads to…

Light brown

Value >6, 1-3% OM

Brown

Value 4-5, 3-5% OM

Black

Value <3, >5% OM

Chernozem Great Groups

Black, dark brown, brown, dark gray

Solonetz Great Groups

Solonetz, Solodized Solonetz, Solod

Luvisol Great Groups

Gray Brown, gray

Podzol Great Groups

Humic, humo-ferric, ferro-humic

Brunizol Great Groups

Sombic, melanic, dystric, eutric

Chernozem Subgroups

Orthic, rego, calcareous, elevated, gleyed

Luvisol Subgroups

Orthic, dark gray, gleyed, podzolic, brunisolic

Podzol subgroup

orthic, luvisolic, gleyed

Brunisol subgroup

Orthic, eluviated, gleyed

ca

horizon of secondary carbonate enrichment in which the concentration of lime exceeds that in the unenriched parent material. (suffix)

e

eluviation of clay, Fe, Al, or organic matter alone or in any combination. (suffix)

f

a horizon enriched with amorphous material, principally Al and Fe oxides combined with organic matter. (suffix)

g

a horizon characterized by gray colours, or prominent mottling, or both, indicative of permanent or periodic intense reduction caused by water. (suffix)

h

a horizon enriched with organic matter. (suffix)

j

juvenile form (suffix)

k

Denotes the presence of carbonates as indicated by visible effervescence when dilute HCl is added. (suffix)

m

a horizon slightly altered by hydrolysis, oxidation, or solution, or all three to give a change in colour, or structure, or both. (suffix)

n

a horizon in which the ratio of exchangeable Ca to exchangeable Na is 10 or less. It must also have the following distinctive morphological characteristics: prismatic or columnar structure, dark coatings on ped surfaces, and hard to very hard consistence when dry (suffix)

p

horizon disturbed by man's activities such as cultivation, logging, or habitation. (suffix)

s

a horizon with salts, including gypsum, present as crystals or veins. Indicators of saline horizons can include surface crusts of salt crystals, depressed crop growth, or the presence of salt-tolerant plants. (suffix)

t

an illuvial horizon enriched with silicate clay. (suffix)