SI Unit 3, 4, and 5

Lipid-Soluble Hormone examples

Lipid-Derived Hormones and Steroid Hormones

Lipid-derived hormones are primarily derived from...

Cholesterol

Steroid hormones are insoluble in water and therefore...

require transport proteins to circulate in the blood

Lipid-derived hormones, being lipid-soluble, can...

diffuse across the membranes of endocrine cells without the need for specific transport mechanisms

Once outside the endocrine cell, lipid-derived hormones bind to...

transport proteins in the bloodstream

Inside the cell, lipid-derived hormones bind to...

specific intracellular receptors, which may reside in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cell

The hormone-receptor complex formed inside the cell acts as a transcription factor. Lipid-Derived Hormones bind to...

Specific DNA sequences in the nucleus, regulating the transcription of target genes

Lipid-Insoluble Hormones

Amino Acid-Derived Hormones and Peptide Hormones

Amino acid-derived hormones

A class of hormones that are relatively small molecules derived from specific amino acids

Peptide hormones

A class of hormones characterized by their structure, which consists of polypeptide chains composed of amino acids

Amino acid-derived hormones and polypeptide hormones, being lipid-insoluble...

cannot pass through the plasma membrane of cells like lipid-derived hormones do

When a lipid-insoluble hormone binds to its receptor on the cell surface...

it initiates a signaling pathway, often referred to as a second messenger system

Gastrovascular Cavities consist of a...

single opening that serves as both the mouth and the anus

Alimentary canals consist of...

a single tube with separate openings for ingestion (mouth) and elimination (anus)

Osmoregulators

actively regulate the concentration of salts and water in their bodies to maintain internal osmotic balance, regardless of the external environment's salinity

Osmoconformers

maintain their internal osmotic concentration in equilibrium with their external environment, usually seawater

Renal Corpuscle

consists of the glomerulus and the Bowman's capsule

Glomerular Filtration

Blood is filtered, allowing small molecules such as water, ions, and waste products to pass into the Bowman's capsule while larger molecules like proteins and blood cells are retained

Tubular reabsorbtion

Reabsorbing of most of the filtered water, ions, and nutrients back into the bloodstream

Renal Tubule

structure that emerges from the Bowman's capsule

Forms of asexual reproduction

Fission, budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis

Fission

involves the splitting of a single organism into two separate individuals, each with identical genetic material

Budding

a new individual develops as an outgrowth or bud from the body of the parent organism

Fragmentation

involves the breaking of the parent organism into two or more fragments, each of which can develop into a new individual

Parthenogenesis

offspring develop from unfertilized eggs, without the need for fertilization by sperm

External fertilization

both sperm and eggs are released to later fertilize in the external environment

Internal Fertilization

sperm are deposited directly into the female's reproductive tract, where fertilization occurs

Oviparity

Fertilized eggs are laid outside the parent's body and develop externally, receiving nourishment from the yolk

Ovoviviparity

Fertilized eggs are retained within the female's body, but the embryos obtain nourishment from the yolk

Viviparity

Offspring develop within the female's body and receive nourishment from the parent's blood through a placenta

Spermatogenesis forms...

four haploid cells called spermatids

Oogenesis forms...

a single secondary oocyte and three smaller polar bodies

Gynoecium

The sum of the floral female reproductive structures

Androecium

The sum of the floral male reproductive structures

Stamen

The male reproductive organ of a flower, which produces and releases pollen, the male gametes (sperm cells), are necessary for fertilization

Anther

the pollen-producing structure located at the tip of the stamen

Stigma

the receptive tip of the pistil, which is the female reproductive part of a flower

Oocytes

female germ cells or egg cells involved in the process of reproduction

Phototropism

a type of tropism in which the growth or movement of an organism is influenced by light

Gravitropism

a type of tropism in which the growth or movement of an organism is influenced by gravity

Renin

Increases blood pressure

Angiotensin II

Increases blood pressure

Insulin

Decreases blood glucose

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Decreases blood pressure

Aldosterone

Prevents loss of sodium and water

Glucagon

Increases blood glucose

The RAAS pathway serves to...

Regulate blood pressure and volume

What does RAAS stand for?

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Luteinizing Hormone

Initiates ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum from the leftover follicle

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

Stimulates production of ova and sperm

Parathyroid Hormone

Increases blood calcium levels

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

Decreases blood calcium levels

Intracellular Digestion

The process of digesting food particles within cells, often via phagocytosis

Extracellular Digestion

The process of digesting food outside cells, typically in specialized digestive organs

Lipase

breaks down lipids

Amylase

breaks down carbohydrates

Protease

breaks down proteins

Clevage

mitotic division without cytokinesis

Gastrulation

formation of germ layers

Neurulation

the neural plate transforms into the neural tube, the precursor to the central nervous system

Ecology

Examines how organisms interact with each other and their environment

Individual

A single organism

Population

A group of individuals of the same species

Community

A group of individuals of different species

Ecosystem

Individuals of different species and their abiotic environment

Biome

Much broader scale characterized by its vegetation, soil, climate, and wildlife

Biosphere

All of the earth's biotic and abiotic components

The ecosystem is made up of both ______ and _______ components

Biotic; Abiotic

Abiotic components

Non-biological components, such as climate, geology, disturbance

Biotic components

Biological components, such as richness and evenness

Richness

How many different species are there, simple count

Evenness

Takes into account the relative abundance of each species

Simpson's Biodiversity Index

Measurement of species diversity. The probability that if you randomly select two individuals, they will be the same species. It ranges from zero to one.

Shannon's Diversity Index

Measurement of species abundance and evenness. The certainty that we can know the identity of a randomly selected individual. It ranges from zero to a variable number.

Alpha (α) Diversity

The diversity within a particular area or ecosystem

Beta (β) Diversity

A comparison of of diversity between ecosystems

Gamma (γ) Diversity

A measure of the overall diversity within a large region (on geographic scale)

Fecundity

The potential reproductive capacity of an individual organism or a population

Semelparity

Reproduce only once

Semelparity is favored when...

Survival rate of offspring is low; there is a small chance that the adult will survive long enough to reproduce again

Iteroparity

Reproduce multiple times

Iteroparity is favored when...

The environment is stable; adults are likely to survive long enough to breed again

Type One Survivorship Curve

High survivorship through early and middle age, most individuals die at an old age

Type Two Survivorship Curve

Constant death rate throughout lifespan, all ages equally likely to die

Type Three Survivorship Curve

Low survivorship through early and middle-age, most individuals who make it to an old age live for a very long time

r-selection

density-independent selection, selects for life history traits that maximize reproduction

K-selection

Selection for life history traits that are sensitive to population density

Population dynamics

Studies the size and age compositions of populations and the environmental processes affecting them

Abundance

Total number of individuals in the population

Density

Total number of individuals per unit area or volume

Linear Growth Model

The population growth rate (slope) is constant over time

Exponential Growth Model

The growth rate is proportional to the population size

Intrinsic Population Increase

The per capita (per individual) replacement rate

Logistic Growth Model

The population growth rate depends on the population size. The logistic model is the exponential model but also accounts for carrying capacity

Niche

Environmental conditions and resources that define the requirements for a species to persist

Fundamental Niche

The niche a species could potentially occupy in the absence of competition

Generalists

can occupy a broad fundamental niche but typically are poor competitors

Specialists

occupy more limited fundamental niche, typically are strong competitors for that niche

Realized Niche

The niche a species actually occupies due to competitive exclusion

Interspecific Competition

Competition between species