IO M5

Organizational communication

branch of communication studies that is specifically interested in the convergence between communication processes and organizational behavior

internal communication, external communication, and marketing communication

as a discipline, organizational communication may be divided into _____

internal communication

focuses solely on the sharing of information and feelings among employees across organizational levels in order to accomplish tasks efficiently

Laswell's Model of Communication

WHO says WHAT to WHOM in which CHANNEL and with what EFFECT

-sender, message, channel, receiver

Who

the communicator, or source of information

Says what?

the message or content

through which channel?

the medium used to deliver the message

to whom?

the receiver of the message

with what effect?

the impact of the message to its receiver, eliciting a particular response

message content

the messages and the information exchanged

task-related content

content and information on anything that achieves the organization's goals and functions

innovation-related content

"communication about new ideas"; may be used when members engage in brainstorming or when members attempt to find solutions to organizational problems

maintenance-related content

more significant and interesting; pertains to information used for the development and maintenance of human relationships; can be "potent sources of information" for task-related concerns

collectivist

For Filipino workers, the convergence of task-related and maintenance-related has always been blurred due to them being _____ by nature

emotional dependence

organizational members in collectivist counties typically manifest _____ on the company they work for, and find it more socially acceptable or comfortable to consider other people's thoughts or ideas when making decisions

personal

in the philippines, the _____ usually invades the professional sphere and vice-versa as many filipino workers consider their boses as friends and recognize that such relationships keep them more motivated and productive at work.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: It is not uncommon for subordinates and supervisors to talk about personal matters

fueled by anger or frustration towards another person

While effective leaders in the Philippines are those who are less interpersonal and allow for opportunities for non-professional interaction, this approach can be quite difficult to manage as this may lead to conflicts that are _____ instead of staying focused on task-related concerns

Direction

flow of communication; refers to how information is passed around in an organization or "how messages are routed through the organizational system"

vertical direction

describes communication between supervisors and subordinates

downward communication

communication that originates from a superior towards a subordinate

upward communication

communication initiated by a subordinate to their manager

horizontal direction

communication that occurs among peers or colleagues of equal rank

power distance

describes the degree of inequality in power between a superior and a subordinate

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: Authority is highly respected in many Filipino organizations

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE: Filipinos are generally less comfortable in communicating with their subordinates and co-workers in comparison to communicating with their boss or employer

younger workers

tend to favor greater participation and decision-making in the workplace

participative management

a philosophy of allowing employees to take part in planning and decision making

pagsasang-guni

paghihikayat

pagkakasundo

consultation

persuasion

consensus

communication channel

where the information passes through

face-to-face communication

refers to the actual communication situations where participants necessarily share the same physical space, such as conversations, lunch break discussions, office chats, and even formal settings

face-to-face; mediated

Filipinos are generally more comfortable engaging in _____ communication as compared to _____ communication

mediated communication

involves technology-assisted communication, usually through electronic means

information and communication technology

encompasses the tools and resources used to create, share, and exchange information

"approximate the characteristics of F2F interaction as well as with those that provide immediate responses"

mediated communication is oftentimes an attempt to _____

depersonalized structure of interaction

ICT has made customer relations communication less stressful due to the _____ because computer-mediated communication does not require f2f interaction with customers and clients

digital divide

reflects the imbalanced distribution of technological progress, which often times benefits only those who have more access to information versus those that do not

real access

term used to describe the need to develop "cognitive and cultural capital" so that ICT-enabled organizations can use technology to foster significant developments in the industry

modes of communication

written or oral

written mode of communication

members of an organization communicate either internally or externally

internal communication

consists of tools used to distribute information within the organization (memoranda, internal correspondence, minutes of meetings, etc.)

external communication

refers to the tools that organizations use to communicate to their external publics (press releases, business letters, job advertisements, etc.)

oral communication

public speeches, presentations, telephone conversations and even informal office chats

communication style

described as the manner, structure or ton in which communication is performed

formal style of communication

professional in approach and bearing; commonly used in meetings and presentations

informal style of communication

involve the use of more personal and spontaneous approaches in conversations; Filipinos prefer this in written communication

Direct style of communication

straightforward and focused on a person, frank

low-context culture

classified as a _____, Americans tend to engage in direct communication

indirect style of communication

tend to go around the topic, or not focusing on issue or person

high-context culture

Asians—Filipinos included—would use a more indirect approach, the latter being classified as a _____

pahiwatig

A practice of indirect communication where the intended message is not stated explicitly. It involves subtle cues and implications, embodying the idea that "what you see is not exactly what you get."

social maintenance

reason for engaging in pahiwatig that involves maintaining harmonious relationships with peers or colleagues

social calibration

reason for engaging in pahiwatig that involves assessing the degree to which an individual would interact or pursue relationships with other people

exercise of power in interpersonal encounters

reason for engaging in pahiwatig wherein the appropriateness of behavior is based on the structural relationship between people in authority and their subordinates

Bulung-bulungan

commonly known as "the grapevine" or the "rumor mill"; closely reflects the way filipinos engage in informal communication

tsismis

the act of rumor mongering that prevails in most filipino organizations, especially when workers engage in informal conversations or small talk

Media Richness Theory

theory that identifies the richness of a communication medium based on the amount of feedback it allows, the number of cues receivers can interpret, the variety of language it allows, and the potential for emotional expression

Adaptive Structuration Theory

focuses on the generation of communication rules and resources, claiming that these reflect both the channels and outcomes of communication

Cultural Approach to Organizations Theory

asserts that organizational members continue to engage in developing shared meanings of various aspects of organizational life

Various aspects of organizational life are manifested in at least three ways

physical

behavioral

verbal

physical

aspect of organizational life that includes uniforms, office spaces, corporate stationery, and office technologies

behavioral

aspect of organizational life that includes celebrations, traditions, communication patterns, reward and punishment systems

verbal

aspect of organizational life that includes vision/mission statements, anecdotes, jokes, heroes and villains, and corporate metaphor

Groupthink Theory

theory that posits that ingroup cohesion, isolation from outside influences, directive leadership and stress lead small groups to make poor decisions

Network Theory

identifies opinion leaders who carry quiet corporate weight but may not have important job titles; explores who communicates with whom in an organization; helps in dissemination of information

work team

3 or more individuals who interact intensively to provide organizational product, plan, decision or service

Special type of work groups responsible for achieving goals

not all

All work teams are work groups but _____ work groups are work teams

interaction

characteristic of a work team where it is concentrated and continuous; task-oriented and relationship-sustaining actions

collective goals

characteristic of a work team which focuses on successes or failures that occur at the group level; shared outcomes

Well-structured

_____ groups with clear roles and norms

unity; cohesion

High degree of _____ and _____

Team Roles

Members assume or are explicitly or implicitly prescribed roles in teams. They may assume more than one role and learn to perform various roles.

roles

behaviors demonstrated or adopted based on the expected functions of a positions

group task roles

include members' task-related roles; purpose is to coordinate and facilitate group efforts to determine, define and solve common problems

group task roles

initiator-contributor, information seeker, opinion seeker, information giver, opinion giver, elaborator, coordinator, orienter, evaluator-critic, energizer, procedural technician, recorder

initiator-contributor

suggests new ideas, goals, or novel ways of dealing with problems

information seeker

clarifies suggestions and gathers information and facts about the problem

opinion seeker

clarifies underlying values reflected in efforts, ideas, and alternative ideas of members and the group as a whole

information giver

presents facts and information in the decision-making process

opinion giver

expresses opinions or beliefs on ideas and alternative ideas presented by members

elaborator

expounds on ideas by providing examples and explores how suggestions may help solve problems

coordinator

demonstrates or clarifies relationships among ideas; gathers suggestions and ideas and coordinates activities with sub-groups and/or individual members

orienter

describes where the group is vis-a-vis its goals; provides a summary of the groups efforts and specify deviations to agreed directions; directs group discussions to stay focused on relevant matters

evaluator-critic

assesses the group's achievements based on set standards; evaluates ideas or suggestions during group discussions

energizer

stimulates action and decisions; encourages the group to do more or go beyond current level of performance

procedural technician

performs routine tasks for the group (e.g. providing materials; taking care of logistics)

recorder

documents suggestions, group discussions and decisions

personal roles/

group building and maintenance roles

geared towards altering or maintaining the group's way of working; the purpose is to build, maintaining or strengthen group-centered behaviors

group building and maintenance roles

encourager, harmonizer, compromiser, gatekeeper and expediter, standard setter, group observer and commentator, follower

encourager

provides warmth and increases solidarity within the group by praising, agreeing and/or accepting others' opinions, ideas and suggestions

harmonizer

relieves tension, mediates, and seeks reconciliation whenever there is conflict within the group

compromiser

seeks agreeable solutions to conflict by yielding to others' ideas, admitting errors, meeting others half-way or going with the group's opinion or suggestion

gate keeper and expediter

ensures open communication and encourages everyone to participate in group conversations

standard setter or ego ideal

articulates standards for group functioning and evaluates the group's processes based on these standards

group observer and commentator

documents different aspects of group processes and communicates these with suggested interpretations whenever the group evaluates its procedures

follower

accepts others' ideas and serves as audience during group conversations and problem solving activities

individual/dysfunctional roles

pertain to attempts of group members to put forth individual needs; these include behaviors that are irrelevant to group task roles and that counters group building and maintenance

individual/dysfunctional roles

aggressor, blocker, recognition seeker, self-confessor, playboy, dominator, help seeker, special interest pleader

aggressor

deflates others' status; expresses displeasure over others' feelings or behaviors; attacks the group; shows envy and takes credit for others' contribution among others

blocker

persistently pessimistic and resistant; opposes and disagrees beyond or without reason; attempts to bring back issues or ideas already rejected by the group