IB Bio Intro to Plants

What are the three main types of plants?

Nonvascular (bryophytes), seedless vascular plants, seed vascular plants

What tissue do nonvascular plants lack?

Vascular tissue

How do nonvascular plants transport water and nutrients?

Diffusion and osmosis

Why are nonvascular plants usually small?

They lack water-conducting tissue

Do nonvascular plants have true roots, stems, or leaves?

No

What structure anchors nonvascular plants instead of roots?

Rhizoids

How do nonvascular plants reproduce?

Spores

What is the dominant generation in nonvascular plants?

Gametophyte

Give examples of nonvascular plants.

Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Do seedless vascular plants have vascular tissue?

Yes

How do seedless vascular plants reproduce?

Spores

What is the dominant generation in seedless vascular plants?

Sporophyte

What does the sporophyte produce?

Spores

What does the gametophyte produce?

Gametes

Give examples of seedless vascular plants.

Ferns

What is alternation of generations?

A life cycle alternating between sporophyte and gametophyte stages

What do spores grow into?

Gametophytes

What do gametes form after fertilization?

A sporophyte

What defines seed vascular plants?

Plants with seeds and vascular tissue

What do seeds provide to the embryo?

Nutrients and protection

What are the two categories of seed vascular plants?

Gymnosperms and angiosperms

What does gymnosperm mean?

Naked seed

Where are gymnosperm seeds located?

In cones

How do gymnosperms reproduce?

Sexually

What types of cones do gymnosperms have?

Male (pollen) cones and female (egg) cones

Give examples of gymnosperms.

Pines, conifers

What are angiosperms?

Flowering plants with seeds enclosed in fruit

What structure encloses angiosperm seeds?

Fruit

How do angiosperms reproduce?

Sexually

How many cotyledons do monocots have?

One

What type of leaf venation do monocots have?

Parallel

How are vascular bundles arranged in monocot stems?

Scattered

What type of root system do monocots have?

Fibrous roots

Give examples of monocots.

Grass, corn

How many cotyledons do dicots have?

Two

What type of leaf venation do dicots have?

Webbed (netted)

How are vascular bundles arranged in dicot stems?

In a ring

What type of root system do dicots have?

Taproot

Give examples of dicots.

Beans

Plants evolved from what organism?

Algae

What pigment do plants and algae share?

Chlorophyll

Are spores produced sexually or asexually?

Asexually

Are seeds produced sexually or asexually?

Sexually

What are the two types of vascular tissue?

Xylem and phloem

What does xylem transport?

Water and minerals

In what direction does xylem transport materials?

Roots to leaves

Are xylem cells alive or dead at maturity?

Dead

What are the two types of xylem cells?

Tracheids and vessel elements

What does phloem transport?

Sugars (food)

In what direction does phloem transport materials?

From source to sink (both directions)

Are phloem cells alive?

Yes

What are sieve tube elements?

Phloem cells that transport sugars

What is active transport?

Movement of materials using energy

What is passive transport?

Movement of materials without energy

What are companion cells?

Cells that support sieve tube elements in phloem