Psychological Disorders 1/2

what are the 4 D’s used to define abnoramily?

deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger

deviance

having thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that are outside of the standards of what others do

distress

the negative feelings related to thoughts and behaviours

dysfunction

when there is interference with everyday life

danger

refers to the safety risk associated with thoughts or behaviours

categorial classification in model

first model used by DSM, either one thing OR the other

dimensional classification model

new DSM model, using a range to better describe psychological disorders

co-morbidity

the coexistence of two or more disorders at the same time

cons of the DSM

its still categorical

pros of the DSM

it’s the most effective tool for diagnosing

epidemiology

the study of the distribution of disorders in a population

prognosis

the probable course of an illness

acute prognosis

short lasting

chronic prognosis

long lasting

episode/episodic prognosis

recurrent phases

prevalence (of a disorder) equation

(# of people in sample with the characteristic) / (total # of people in the sample)

point prevalence

measuring at a specific instance in time

annual prevalence

measuring anyone who has had the disorder in the past year

lifetime prevalence

measuring anyone who has had the disorder in their lifetime

symptomatoloy

the collection of behaviours, thoughts, of feelings that can indicate a specific psychological disorder

what complicates diagnoses

heterogeneity

heterogeneity

the possibility that 2 people diagnosed with the same disorder might experience different symptoms

major depressive disorder

intense, recurrent episodes of sadness, not all symptoms need to be present

generalized anxiety disorder

marked by constant, severe anxiety, this impacts physical health and their fear impacts their functions

schizophrenia

marked by disorganized thoughts and behaviours

positive symtoms

the addition of abnormal behaviours

hallucinations

a positive symptom where you [perceive things that aren’t really there (auditory and visual)

delusions

a positive symptom where you believe in irrational things

disorganized thinking/motor behaviour

a positive symptom

catatonia

a positive symptom

catatonic excitement

dramatic changes in movement

catatonic stupor

dramatic reductions in movement

negative symptoms

the absence of typical behaviours

what are the 5 A’s?

alogia, anhedonia, flat affect, asociality, avolition

alogia

a negative symptom of reduction of speech

anhedonia

a negative symptom where you have the inability to feel pleasure

flat affect

a negative symptom where you have little emotional responsiveness

asociality

a negative symptom where you have the inability to engage in social interactions

avolition

a negative symptom where you have a lack of motivation

etiology

the cause/set of causes of a disorder

what are the 4 etiological models?

biological, behavioural, cognitive, environmental

the biological model

belief that genetics and neurotransmitters have impact on psychological disorders

which neurotransmitters are associated with depressed patients?

low dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA

the environmental model

focus on the impacts of environmental factor and how they impact psychopathology

the diathesis-stress model

focuses on how stress impacts people

what happens if you have high diathesis?

you have a minimum amount of stress to fall into schizophrenia

what happens if you have low diathesis?

you “need” lots of stress to fall into schizophrenia

the behavioural model

focusing on learning contingencies and conditioning

somatic symptom disorders

when people feel certain amounts of fear and anxiety to a point where they face a medical condition

cons of behavioural model

it can treat people as merely reflexive beings, and not look at the details/skills of humankind

the cognitive model

focuses on maladaptive information processing

how are maladaptive thoughts reinforced

cognitive distortions

cognitive distortions

when an individual only relies on their self generated ideas about situations

catastrophizing

over-analyzing the negative outcomes of a situation

trephining

a past method where you drill a hold into the skull of the person, this was used to treat mental illness or release ‘evil spirits’

pharmacotherapy

a type of therapy used to mainly treat depression

mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

CBT with talk therapy, it adds on a layer of mindfulness and no judgement

pros of MBCT

the brain function, specifically the amygdala and middle/front gyrus have seen to improve

synaesthesia

when you hear notes of music, you see specific colours in front of you OR when you hear certain sounds, you taste specific tastes

colour graphing synaesthesia

a connection between letters and specific colours

what are the 5 defining traits of synaesthesia?

involuntary and automatic acts, consistent, tends to have better memory, laden with affect, spatially extended

labelling theory

the idea that applying deviant labels to someone results in a change in their self-perception or others’ perception

medical students’ disease

when a medical student perceives themselves or others around them as having the symptoms to diseases they are studying

symptom

any action, thought, or feeling that could be a potential indicator of mental illness

syndrone

a collection of interrelated symptoms

what are the 3 sections of the DSM?

the basics, the diagnostic criteria, and the measures/models

prevalence

the percentage of a population that exhibits a disorder during a specified time period

depressive disorders

a class of disorders that are defined by intense and prolonged emotional disturbances that get in the way of proper physical, perceptual, social, and thought processes

bipolar I

having at least one manic episode and one depressive episode

bipolar II

similar to I but it needs one hypomanic episode and one depressive episode

rapid cycling

the occurrence of four or more mood episodes during the span of 12 months

cyclothymic disorder/cyclothymia

chronic mild symptoms of bipolar disturbance

self-oriented perfectionism

setting high expectations for oneself

other-oriented perfectionism

demanding perfection from others

socially prescribed perfectionism

perceiving that others have expectations of one’s self

introjective depression

feelings of guilt and worthlessness, a sense you have failed to live up to previously set expectations

anaclitic depression

feelings of helplessness and weakness, you feel abandoned and desperately depend on others

depressogenic schemata

the tendency to see and experience the world in a negative fashion

negative cognitive triad

when depressed individuals are biased toward negative interpretations of themselves, the world, and their futuress

selective abstraction

when individuals draw a conclusion on the basis of an element

overgeneralization

when someone makes a broad conclusion drawn on the basis of a single event

learned helplessness theory

focuses on how maladaptively believing negative circumstances produces emotional and cognitive deficits

pessimistic explanatory style

when an individual attributes setbacks to personal, global, and stable causes

hopelessness theory

when helpless individuals become hopeless when they feel unable to escape negative circumstances, they also expect these circumstances to happen

anxiety disorders

class of disorders that are marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety

phobic disorders

marked by persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation

social anxiety disorder

a fear of public appearances during which humiliation or embarrassment is possible

anxiety sensitivity

the idea that some individuals are predisposed to a fear of anxiety-related sensations, makes them more vulnerable to anxiety disorders