ch 27

Checkers speech

Modern Republicanism

-balanced and moderate approach to policy favored by Eisenhower
>sought to balance federal budget
>accepted New Deal welfare programs and expanded some (est Department of Health, Education, and Welfare)
>>opposed federal health care insurance and federal aid to education

1956 Highway Act/interstate highway system

-1956
-law authorizing construction of 42,000 miles of interstate highways, linking the major cities
>taxes on fuel, tires, and vehicles was that road system would improve nat'l defense
>project created jobs, promoted trucking industry, cont. to growth of suburbs, and unified national culture
>>hurt railroad/public transportation industry

John Foster Dulles

-Eisenhower's secretary of state, supported policy of "brinkmanship"- that US should push Communist powers to brink of war, expecting them to back down in the face of American nuclear power
>thought Truman's containment was too passive

"brinkmanship"

-policy for approaching communism of John Foster Dulles; supported idea that if the US pushed Communist powers to the brink of war they would back down in the face of American "nuclear superiority"
>Eisenhower prevented this from being carried out to extreme ends

massive retaliation

-idea that spending money on developing nuclear weapons would save money (helping balance fed. budget) while placing more pressure on potential enemies
>fueled nuclear arms race, but the attitude of mutually assured destruction prevented all out war between superpowers

Shah of Iran

-1953
-CIA helped overthrow gov't in Iran, allowing return of shah to power
>provided West w favorable oil prices and made enormous arms purchases
>>increase in covert intervention in other nation's politics during Cold War

Geneva Conference

-a conference among several nations that took place in Geneva, Switzerland, in order to settle outstanding issues resulting from the Korean War and discuss the possibility of restoring peace in Indochina
>>France gave up claims to Indochina; indpt nations of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam were created

Ho Chi Minh

-Communist dictator of North Vietnam, fought against French imperialism
>Vietnam temporarily divided at Geneva conference, kept North under communist rule (south=non-communist, backed by US)

domino theory

-theory that if South Vietnam fell under communist control, all nations in Southeast Asia would as well

South East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO)

-formed to help prevent the spread of communism to Cambodia, Laos, and S. Vietnam
>US, Great Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, the {Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan all members

Suez Canal Crisis

-Egypt's General Nasser took British/French controlled canal after US refused to fund the Aswan Dam project on the Nile
>Britain, France, and Israel carried out surprise attack; Eisenhower was not informed and condemned the attack

Eisenhower Doctrine

-pledged economic and military aid to any Middle Easter country threatened by communism

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

-organization that controlled oil industry in Middle East; West dependent on oil from mid. east

Nikita Khruschev

Soviet leader after Stalin

Hungarian revolt

Uprising in which citizens overthrew communist backed govt and called for liberal policies, Khrushchev sent in enforcement

Sputnik

1957 the soviet union launched the first satellites Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2 into orbit around the earth- greatly intensified the fear of nuclear war

National defense and education act (NDEA)

Gave fed money to edu, hoping to produce more scientists and engineers

U-2 incident

US spy plane flew over soviet territory

Fidel Castro/Cuba

was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008. Adopting a Marxist–Leninist model of development, Castro converted Cuba into a one-party, socialist state under Communist Party rule, the first in the Western Hemisphere.

restrictive covenants

contractual agreements that prohibit the purchase, lease, or occupation of a piece of property by a particular group of people, usually African Americans.

Brown -vs- Board of Education

court case that declared segregation in public schools legal, was unconstitutional and violated the 14th amendment

Little Rock Crisis

Arkansas 1956, Governor Ovral Faubus used the state’s National Guard to prevent 9 African American students from entering Little Rock Central High School, as ordered by the federal court

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee

formed to keep in the “sit-in” movement organized

Dr. Spock

Dr. Spock and Child Care, published in 1946, is one of the best-sellers of all time. The book's premise to mothers is that "you know more than you think you do." ; Book for baby boomers

Whyte

Social scientist who commented on loss of individuality in society/large companies

Riesman

Criticized the way people began to conform/follow others rather than praise individuality

C Wright Mills

Portrayed dehumanizing corporate worlds in "white collar" and threats to freedom in "the power elite"

Galbraith

Economist who accused wealthy elite of not addressing need for increased social spending for common good

Operation Wetback

Millions of Mexican immigrants forced back over cal border in response to complaints from native born workers and Mexico

Kerouac

leading author in a group of writers called ‘beatniks’ he wrote On The Road 1957, writers like him advocated spontaneity, use of drugs, and rebellion against societal standards

Salinger

wrote the novel ‘The Cather in the Rye” 1951 providing commentary on ‘phoniness’ as viewed by a troubled teenager