apes Q3 vocab

Urban Sprawl

Development of city infrastructure & use of undeveloped land for residential, commercial, and industrial buildings

Ground Subsidence

A gradual or sudden sinking of them surface due to subsurface movement of materials

Old growth forests

Natural forest uncut by people

Second growth forest (trees)

Grown to partial maturity after old-growth timber has been cut

Clear cutting

Almost all trees in a forest/area are cut down (cleared)

Controlled burns

Burning areas of forest under carefully controlled conditions

Traditional agriculture

Human & animal muscle power

Subsistence Agriculture

Families produce only food for themselves

Industrialized Agriculture

Using large scale mechanization and fossil fuels to boost yields

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average number of kids born per women during her lifetime

Replacement fertility

The TFR that keeps the size of population stable

Carrying Capacity

The max number of individuals that an area can support without degrading their environment

Intensive agriculture

Produces excess food to sell- uses animals, irrigation, and fertilizer (NO FOSSIL FUELS)

Genetic engineering

Any process by which a scientist directly manipulates an organisms DNA

Age Structure Diagram

A graphical tool that displays the distribution of various age groups within a population split by gender

Aquaculture

The farming of fish in controlled environments

Baby boom

1946-1964: dramatic increase in birth rates following world war 2

Biological control

Pest management strategy that uses predators, parasites, and pathogens to reduce pest population

Birth rate

Number of live births per 1,000 individuals in a population per year

Broad Spectrum Pesticide

A chemical designed to kill or control a wide variety of pests rather than a single species

Brownfield

Abandoned or underused industrial or commercial facility that is not redeveloped because of environmental contamination

CAFO

Industrial agricultural facility confining many animals in dense spaces for meat, milk, eggs, etc.

Cash crop

Crop grown specifically for sale and profit

City planning

Process of designing urban spaces to improve the quality of life for residents while ensuring growth and development

Composting

Process of decomposing organic materials and turning it into nutrient rich soil

Contour farming

Agriculture Technique of plowing and planting crops across a slope, following the lands natural elevation

CBR

total number of births in a population within a year

CDR

Total number of deaths per year within a population

Demographic transition model

4-5 stage framework showing how population growth shifts from high to low birth/death rates as a country industrializes

Demography

Scientific study of human populations specifically focusing on how they change over time

Density dependent factors

Environmental living pressures such as competition, predation, and disease that limit population growth more severely as the population density decreases

Density independent factors

Environmental non living events that limit population size regardless of crowded or sparse the population is

Desertification

The degradation of dry land ecosystems into deserts

Doubling time

The amount of time it takes for a population to double in size

Even aged stands

A group of trees with very little difference in age

Exponential Growth

Rapid accelerating population growth that occurs when resources are unlimited, resulting in a J shaped curve

Family planning

Controlling the number of births of children to reduce fertility rates and slow population growth

Feedlot runoff

Polluted water that flows off concentrated animal feeding operations during rain or snowfall

Fallow

Leaving fields unplowed in rotation

Fisheries

Populations of fish in a specific area harvested for commercial, recreational, or subsistence use.

GMO

Organisms whose DNA has been altered in a lab to introduce desirable traits

Green belt

Protected land surrounding and urban area designed to resist development of city infrastructure

Green revolution

Massive shift to industrialize agriculture designed to boost food production in developing nations

Herbicide

Chemical pesticides designed to kill or control unwanted plants in agricultural landscaping

Hydroponic

Sustainable soil free agricultural method where plants grow in nutrient rich water

Impervious surface

Hard human made surfaces (concrete, asphalt, rooftops) that prevent rain from soaking into the ground

Infant mortality rate

Number of deaths of children under one year old per 1000 births in a given year

Inorganic fertilizer

Man made nutrient rich compounds destined for rapid plant growth and high crop yields

Insecticide

Chemicals designed to kill repel or control insects damaging crops livestock or human health

IPM

multilayered approach to controlling agricultural or structural pests while minimizing risks to human health and the environment

IPAT

formula used to model his human activities impact the environment

MSY

Highest about of a resource (like crops or fish) that can be harvested without reducing the population or productivity of that resource for future generation

Microclimate

Specific spot (garden, park, valley) that has a different localized climate compared to the larger surrounding area

Monoculture

Agricultural practice of growing single crop species

Multiple use land

Public land that is managed to support several different (often competing) activities at the same time

Narrow spectrum pesticide

Chemical or agent designed to kill only a specific pest or a limited group of organisms

Natural pesticide

Substance derived from natural materials (plants, animals, bacteria or minerals) used to kill or repel control organisms considered pests

Nitrates

Compound of nitrogen and oxygen naturally, found in air, soil, waters and food

No- Till Agriculture

Sustainable farming method where crops are planted directly into the soil without plowing or turning it over

Organic fertilizer

Nutrient rich natural materials derived from plant or animal waste (manure, compost) used to enhance soil fertility

Overgrazing

Consumption of vegetation by livestock or wildlife at a faster rate than it can naturally grow back, exceeding the lands carrying capacity

Pest

Any organism that threatens human interests by causing damage to crops, livestock, ecosystems, or human health

Pesticide

Any natural or synthetic substance used to kill, repel, or control pests

Pesticide Treadmill

Cycle in agriculture where farmers are forced to use higher or more toxic pesticides due to the residence pests develop

Public lands

Areas of land and water owned collectively by the citizens of the United States and managed by federal state or local gov

Rodenticide

Type of pesticide designed to kill rodents

Ruminant

Herbivorous mammal with a specialized four compartment stomach that allows it to digest tough fibrous plant material

Seed bank

Facility that collects, cleans, and stores seeds from various plants

Seed tree cutting

Forestry method where most trees in an area are harvested

Selective cutting

Sustainable forestry method that involves harvesting only specific, mature, or diseased trees

Shelter belts

A line of trees or shrubs planted in a row to protect farmland, crops, livestock, and buildings

Shelterwood cutting

A forestry that removes mature trees in a series of two or more staged harvests over several years

Slash and burn

A farming method used in a tropical area where vegetation is cut down and burned to clear land with the resulting ash providing temporary nutrients for crops

Survivorship curve

A graph showing the proportion of individuals in a population surviving a each age from birth to death

Synergy

Interaction of two or more factors substances or organisms that produces a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects

The rule of 70

A simple formula used to estimate how many years it takes for a population or quantity to diubke based in a constant annual percentage growth rate

Type 1

Represents species with high survival rates during early and middle life, followed by a rapid increase in mortality amount older individuals

Type 2

Represents a population with a constant mortality rate throughout its entire lifespan

Type 3

Represents a population strategy characterized by extremely high early life mortality rates followed by relatively low stable death rates for the few individuals that survive to adulthood

Uneven aged stand

Forest management term for a stand of trees containing at least 3 or more distinct age classes all mixed together in the same area

Urban forestry

Planned and strategic management of trees and green spaces within cities, suburbs, and surrounding areas to provide environmental health and economic benefits to residents

Urbanization

Shift of human populations from rural areas to cities resulting in increased population density, the growth of built environments and significant land use changes