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What best defines a 'state' in political geography?
A territory with a permanent population, defined boundaries, and sovereignty.
What does the concept of a nation-state refer to?
A state whose boundaries correspond with a single nation.
What distinguishes a nation from a state?
Nations are defined by cultural characteristics, while states are defined by political boundaries.
Give an example of a stateless nation.
Kurds.
What is an example of a multistate nation?
Germans.
What is a boundary established by physical features known as?
A physical boundary.
What is NOT a characteristic of sovereignty?
A large population.
What does the term 'shatterbelt' refer to in political geography?
A region caught between powerful external forces, often leading to conflict.
What is a supranational organization?
An organization of three or more states working together for shared objectives.
What is devolution best exemplified by?
Scotland’s push for independence from the United Kingdom.
What is an example of a centrifugal force within a state?
Uneven economic development.
The process of establishing political boundaries based on census data is called what?
Redistricting.
What is gerrymandering?
The manipulation of electoral district boundaries to benefit a particular political party.
What political process leads to the transfer of power from a central government to regional governments?
Devolution.
What characterizes a federal state?
The division of power between national and regional governments.
What is the primary purpose of a unitary state?
To centralize decision-making and authority.
Which best illustrates a supranational organization?
The United Nations fostering international cooperation.
What role does centripetal force play in a state?
It unites a state and strengthens national identity.
What does Balkanization refer to?
The division of a state into smaller, often hostile regions.
What describes the right of a state to govern its territory free from external interference?
Sovereignty.
What best defines territoriality?
The control over and defense of a state's territory.
How do states maintain territoriality?
By building border walls or fences.
What is the sea power theory associated with?
The control of the world's oceans is essential for maintaining global power.
Which is an example of a territorial dispute?
The India-Pakistan dispute over the Kashmir region.
Political boundaries primarily serve to define what?
Political jurisdiction and control.
What is a boundary that divides different cultural groups called?
A cultural boundary.
What is the process of marking the boundaries of a territory?
Demarcation.
Which boundary is established before cultural patterns develop?
An antecedent boundary.
What is a superimposed boundary?
A boundary that is created and enforced by a central authority, often disregarding local cultural differences.
What internal boundary divides a country into smaller administrative units?
An administrative boundary.
What characterizes a unitary system of government?
A central authority has most of the power.
What is a characteristic of a federal system of government?
Regional governments share power with a central government.
Which country operates under a unitary system of government?
France.
What defines a confederation?
Independent states or regions cooperate and share power.
What major difference exists between unitary and federal systems?
In a unitary system, the national government has the ultimate authority, while in a federal system, power is divided.
What is devolution as seen in political geography?
The transfer of political power from a central government to regional or local governments.
What can lead to devolution?
Ethnic, cultural, or linguistic differences.
What is ethnic separatism?
The demand for autonomy or independence by specific ethnic groups within a state.
What challenge does globalization pose to sovereignty?
The increasing importance of international organizations and transnational corporations.
What is the role of transnational corporations in sovereignty?
They can influence or bypass national laws through global economic power.
What is a failed state?
A state where the government cannot provide basic services or maintain control over its territory.
Which of the following reflects irredentism?
The annexation of Crimea by Russia in 2014.
What is an example of a centrifugal force in the breakup of Yugoslavia?
Ethnic conflicts between different groups in Yugoslavia.
What strengthens centripetal forces within a country?
A shared national language.
What potential consequence exists for strong centripetal forces in a state?
A unified national identity.
What relationship exists between centripetal and centrifugal forces?
Centripetal forces unify a state, while centrifugal forces divide it.
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