Abnormal Psychology - Wayne State University - Professor Toro - Exam 4

treatment addresses ___________ and prevention works to __________ disorders from developing in the first place

existing disorders; stop

Of the therapy models, __________ has the most supporting research

CBT

Family and Marital Therapies are often proffered in cases of ___________

addictive disorders

delinquent behaviors

anorexia nervosa

longitudinal research demonstrates that psychotherapy has ____________ effects when compared to medication

longer lasting

if a patient is not weaned off of their antidepressant medication, they are liable to ____________

relapse

Antidepressant medications are only effective in _____________ cases of depression

serious

the common factors present in all models of therapy

-mobilizing trust

-trust in an expert

-positive expectancies

active placebo

control drugs that have no therapeutic effect but produce side effects similar to those produced by the drug under evaluation

active placebos are __________ effective when compared to inactive placebos

more effective

longitudinal research demonstrates that the benefits of therapy ___________ after several years

diminish

_______ of patients with schizophrenia fully recover

1/3

__________ of patients with schizophrenia show residual symptoms

1/3

_________ of patients with schizophrenia are chronically disordered

1/3

According to process research, untrained therapists are ____________ experienced therapists

just as effective as

The most common form of antidepressant

SSRIs

________ of the effect of antidepressants is accounted for by the placebo effect

80%

___________ of people prefer _______________ over ___________ for treating their disorders

75%; psychotherapy; medication

antianxiety drugs such as xanax and valium are effective at treating anxiety, but:

are highly addictive

antipsychotics/major tranquilizers work by _____________ in the brain

blocking dopamine

__________ of patients on antipsychotics discontinue their medication after 18 months

74%

Because antipsychotics block dopamine neurotransmission in the brain, they unfortunately ______________

inhibit the reward center

true or false: antipsychotics are the only effective means of treatment for schizophrenia

false

process research focuses on identifying

-effective ingredients in therapy

-client and therapist characteristics

-the nature of the therapeutic relationship

-session content

____________ research has been studied far more extensively than _________ research

outcome; process

the primary goal of mood stabilizers is to __________

reduce the magnitude of manic symptoms

the most common mood stabilizer

lithium

An unfortunate side effect of long-term, chronic use of ADHD medications/stimulants

stunted growth

Therapeutic wisdom suggests that a child should take stimulants:

only when needed

to help avoid stunted growth, parents should have their children stop taking ADHD medications:

on the weekends and during summer

systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

in-vivo exposure

a behavioral therapy method that consists of direct exposure to a feared or avoided situation or stimulus

Electroconvulsive therapy

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

most patients in psychiatric hospitals got there:

through persuasion

3 multiple choice options

outpatient treatments are ____________ inpatient treatments

just as effective as

outpatient treatment is ___________ than inpatient treatment

cheaper

clinical therapy in lab settings is ____________ as effective as therapy in the field according to outcome research

twice

Contributing factors to therapeutic success according to Carl Rogers

-genuineness

-praise, caring

-ability to understand the inner world of the client

-sensitivity and accurately relaying the feelings of the client

Desired outcomes of Carl Rogers therapy

-client will explore attitudes more deeply

-client may praise themselves more

-client will better understand their own attitudes

-client will develop strong ability to relate inner experience to the environment

-the client will move away from black/white thinking

-client will gain confidence in making judgments/drawing conclusions

Fritz Perls' Gestalt therapy seeks to:

-help the client get ahold of the obvious surface of the situation

-provide the patient with opportunities to discover the self

Beck's Cognitive Therapy

a type of cognitive therapy, developed by Aaron Beck, in which the therapist works to develop a warm relationship with the person and has the person carefully consider the evidence for his or her beliefs in order to see the errors in his or her thinking

cognitive therapy seeks to rectify __________

distorted beliefs

According to Aaron Beck, misperceptions of reality lead to ___________

maladaptive behaviors

types of cognitive distortions

-sweeping conclusions

-overgeneralizing from one situation

-all or nothing thinking

Brief pscyhodynamic therapy believes ___________ causes disordered behavior

adverse relationships--especially in childhood

transfereance

developing positive or negative feelings towards the therapist due to past experience

countertransference

Circumstances in which a psychoanalyst develops personal feelings about a client because of perceived similarity of the client to significant people in the therapist's life.

Brief psychodynamic theory is similar to Carl Rogers' approach in that:

both attempt to create a human relationship and attempts to understand the patient's inner world

tertiary prevention is really ___________

treatment

Health promotion

a positive framework that emphasizes health qualities as opposed to indicators of illness

primary prevention

Efforts to prevent an injury or illness from ever occurring.

secondary prevention

Focuses on early identification of individuals or communities experiencing illness, providing treatment, and conducting activities that are geared to prevent worsening health status

Drawing public attention to child abuse is a form of _________ prevention

primary

Improving parenting skills and knowledge of child development is a form of ____________ prevention

primary

teaching skills to cope with stresses of parenthood to help reduce instances of child abuse is a form of ________ prevention

primary

reducing poverty and improving nutrition and healthcare is a form of __________ prevention

primary

Home visitor programs for all new parents is a form of __________ prevention

primary

Aggressive and preventive protective services are a form of _________ prevention

secondary

Helping kids identify abuse if a form of _________ prevention

secondary

helping kids identify abuse can ______________ attachment to parents

damage

Mass early screening for child abuse and intervention is a form of ___________ intervention

secondary

mass early screening for child abuse is mostly ______________

ineffective

Approaches in primary prevention

1. anticipating and coping with unavoidable stress

2. reducing the impact of major life transitions

3. competency enhancement (cognitive coping mechanisms, teaching)

4. public education

5. social setting intervention or environmental modification

6. social support and natural helping

The Success Over Stress program was a form of ___________ prevention

primary

The Success Over Stress Program targeted large amounts of people through ________________

television advertisements

The Rochester Social Problem Solving Program was a form of ______________ prevenion

primary

Weaknesses of the Rochester Social Problem Solving Program

-quasi-experimental; teachers self-selected for participation

-lack of long-term follow up

-skills not generalizable outside of school setting

The Children of Divorce Intervention Project was a form of __________ prevention

high-risk primary

Children exposed to paraprofessionals in the CODIP program were rated:

better on teacher, parent, self, and group leader ratings

The School Transitional Environmental Program (STEP) was a form of ____________ prevention

high-risk primary

The School Transitional Environmental Program (STEP)

-restructured high school environment to keep kids together throughout school day

-the homeroom teacher took on a counselor role

Children in the STEP program showed:

-fewer declines in academic performance

-fewer dropouts

-less absenteeism

The STEP program ____________ to create the experimental and control groups

randomly assigned whole schools

Head Start is a form of __________ prevention

high-risk primary

Head Start serves to:

-teach basic skills

-introduce traditional academic activities

-provide nourishing diet

-provide job training to parents

Outcomes for Head Start students

-fewer day s spent in jail

-better marital outcomes

-better mental health

Effective substance abuse prevention programs demonstrate a __________ reduction in substance use

20%

Qualities of successful substance abuse prevention programs

-target older kids

-don't use scare tactics

-longer-term intervention

DARE is ___________

ineffective

DARE may inadvertently

promote drug use

Scared Straight and robot babies are examples of:

failed prevention strategies

"Nip the problem in the bud" is the basic rationale of __________

secondary prevention

The Primary Mental Health Project is an example of _________ prevention

Secondary

The Primary Mental Health Project seeks to:

-screen all kids for problem behaviors

-utilize paraprofessional help

-catch problem behaviors early

The Primary Mental Health Project creates ___________ roles for school mental health professionals

new

In the Primary Mental Health Project, school mental health professionals primarily _________________ and only ___________ in the most serious cases

select and train aides; directly intervene

Results of the Primary Mental Health Project research

-positive reports from teachers and aides

Problems with Primary Mental Health Project research

-lack of control groups and random assignment

-lack of long-term follow up

-children don't achieve "normal" levels of functioning

-teacher reports are likely biased

-Most research was done in Rochester, NY

The Marriage check-up was a form of _________ prevention

secondary

_______ of all couples are distressed

20%

The marriage check-up contained __________ sessions

two 2 hour

Advantages of prevention over treatment

-broader in scope

-cheaper

most people with disordered behavior ___________ receive treatment

don't

informal help

people who have frequent contact with those who have a mental health problem (e.g. police, healthcare workers, taxi drivers)

indigenous helper

someone who is from the same area as the patient or has the same problem

the biggest intervention for alcoholism in the world

alcoholics anonymous

mutual help

self-help group settings where people with shared problems help each other

________ of people have attended mutual help groups and ____ have participated in psychotherapy treatment

18%; 5-12%

GROW evaluation project

-researchers evaluated mutual help group for those with disordered behavior

-used coding measures to evaluate behavior

Participants in the GROW groups showed lower levels of _________ when compared to group therapy settings

aggression

How people change throughout GROW mutual help

-support and interpretation start low, then rapidly increases in following meetings

-negative behaviors increase as individuals continue participating

-become more talkative