caffen/ nicotine psych pharm midterm

Caffeine, hydrophilic:

dissolves in our total body water

Caffeine, lipophilic:

• cross lipid barriers

Caffeine, source:

• plant alkaloid: methylxanthines

  • coffee, soda, tea, chocolate, energy shots

Caffeine, absorption

• gastrointestinal: 99% absorbed ~ 45 minutes

• mucosal: faster absorption

Caffeine, Distribution:

• total body water

• peaks ~ 15min - 120min

  • due to stomach content

Caffeine, Metabolism:

• no hepatic 1st pass

• liver

  • metabolites

    • paraxanthine: 70 - 80%

    • theobromine differences due to genetics

    • theophylline

Caffeine, elemination:

• half-life 1.5hrs - 9.5hrs

• urine

• rate: pregnancy, obesity, oral contraceptives, smoking, altitude

benefits of caffeine

• lower cardiovascular disease

• improve glucose metabolism

• reduce risk of type 2 diabetes, MS, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s

• weight loss

• improves memory

• increases mood

• enhances performance

adverse effects of caffeine

• insomnia

• agitation/anxiety

• high blood pressure

• caffeinism

antagonist at adenosine receptors

• metabotropic

• competitive binding of caffeine, paraxanthine

adenosine:

• inhibitory neurotransmitter

  • indirect effect on norepinephrine, dopamine, Acetylcholine, serotonin, glutamate, GABA

Inhibits phosphodiesterase

• antagonistic

  • skeletal muscles, adipose tissues

  • adenosine

  • cardio stimulatory

  • anti-asthmatic

high dosage of caffeine

• interfere with the uptake and storage of calcium

Nicotinesource:

• naturally occurring alkaloid

  • tobacco, cigarettes, cigars, snuff, chewing Tabacco, e-cigarettes

absorption of nicotine

• inhalation - rich blood vessels: lungs

  • directly to the nervous system

• mucous membrane nose/mouth

• skin: slow continuous

distribution of nicotine

• quickly distributed in circulatory system metabolism

• dose not pass the liver first

metabolism of nicotine

metabolizes in the liver mainly through enzyme cypza6

elimination of nicotine

• half-life: 2hrs

• excreted through urine

• small excretion through saliva and hair

Low use of nicotine

• acetylcholine is excitatory

• higher block reseptor

• agonist (isotropic) nicotine acetylcholine

high use of nicotine

• nicotinic receptors stimulation in mesolimbic dopamine pathway

• glutamate stimulated, decrees in of Gaba

• menthol enhances and blocks response

acute use of nicotine

• increase in activity in the prefrontal cortex, thalamus, visual system, dopamine in mesolimbic area, corpus striatum, frontal cortex, and endorphins

tolerance of nicotine

• increase acetylcholine receptors

withdraw symptoms of nicotine

• irritable, depressed, restless, anxious, mean, cant constrate, increased hunger/eating, insomnia, craving

health issues associated with nicotine use

• cancer

• heart disease

• insulin resistance

• trigger diabetes

• aging skin