Studied by 35 peopleanatomy
studying the structures of an organism
physiology
studying the functions of structures within an organism
homeostasis
the body's stable state, control mechanisms consist of a receptor, control mechanism, and effector
integumentary system
skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands; protects tissues, regulates body temperature, houses sensory receptors, synthesizes substances
skeletal system
bones, ligaments, cartilage; provides framework, protection, & an attachment point for muscles, produces blood cells and stores inorganic salts
muscular system
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle; moves body parts, maintains posture, produces body heat
nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs; receives/interprets sensory receptor signals, causes muscles & glands to respond appropriately
endocrine system
pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, thymus; helps regulate metabolism, secrete hormones & target tissue response
cardiovascular system
heart, blood vessels; heart pumps blood to/from body parts, allows oxygen transport
lymphatic system
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen; transports lymph from tissue space to bloodstream, carries fatty substances away from digestive organs
digestive system
mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine; receives food, breaks down nutrients so they can pass through membranes, eliminates unabsorbed materials
respiratory system
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs; takes in/releases air, exchanges gas between blood & air
urinary system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra; filters waste from blood, helps maintain fluid/electrolyte balance
reproductive system
enables organisms to produce offspring; male: scrotum, testes, seminal vesicles, etc.; female: ovaries, uterus, vagina, etc.
negative feedback
prevents sudden, severe changes in the body & corrects the set point, causes the opposite of bodily disruption to occur (eg. body temp, blood pressure, glucose regulation)
positive feedback
increases actions of the body, is short-lived, does not require continuous adjustments (eg. blood clotting, birth)
anatomical position
standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at sides, palms facing forward, thumbs out laterally
superior
toward the head
inferior
away from the head
anterior
toward the front of the body
posterior
toward the back of the body
medial
close to the midline of the bodyl
lateral
away from the midline of the body
proximal
nearer to the point of attachment of a limb
distal
away from the point of attachment of a limb
superficial
close to the surface of the skin
deep
away from the surface of the skin
internal
within the body
external
outside of the body
ipsilateral
occuring on the same side of the body
contralateral
occurring on opposite sides of the body
sagittal plane
plane that divides the body into left & right portions
midsagittal plane
divides the body into equal left & right portions
transverse plane
divides the body into superior & inferior portions
frontal plane
divides the body into anterior & posterior portions
cell theory
all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
cells are the smallest unit of life
cells can only come from pre-existing cells via cell division
cytoskeleton
inner scaffolding of cell, gives animal cells shape & support
nucleus
the genetic control center of the cell, stores hereditary information
chromatin
contains the genetic material of the cell and becomes a chromosome
nucleolus
where ribosomes are made, is inside the nucleus, is bigger in cells with active gene transcription
mitochondria
the energy converters of the cell
endosymbiosis
mitochondria may have existed as separate single celled bacteria-esque organisms billions of years ago
lysosomes
the "garbage disposals" of the cells; round, membrane-enclosed, acid-filled vesicles that function as waste removal functions of the cells
ribosomes
small clusters within the cell that translate genetic messages in protein synthesis
rough ER
endoplasmic reticulum that modifies proteins to be shipped elsewhere in the organism
smooth ER
endoplasmic reticulum that synthesizes lipids and detoxifies molecules like alcohol, drugs, and metabolic waste
golgi bodies
the "mailroom" of the cell, receive proteins & package them, distribute them to other parts of the cell & release them outside of the cell
peroxisomes
function to catalyze reactions that break down molecules by removing hydrogen or adding oxygen
diffusion
movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration
osmosis
movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from regions of higher concentration to lower concentration
cell membrane
the ____ ________ is composed of a phospholipid bilayer and several different types of transport proteins
metabolism
all the chemical reactions that take place within an organism
catabolism
when larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones, energy is released
anabolism
when larger molecules are synthesized from smaller ones, requires energy input
enzyme
controls the rate of metabolic reactions, lowers activation energy to start reactions
ATP
adenosine triphosphate, form of energy with 3 phosphates
ADP
adenosine diphosphate, form of energy with 2 phosphates
cellular respiration
the harvesting of energy from food, 3 stages: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
glycolysis
begins with a single molecule of glucose, results in 2 NADH & 2 ATP; produces 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (derivatives of glucose)
citric acid cycle
yields a maximum of 32 ATP
electron transport chain
ETC, a series of molecules located within the mitochondrial inner membrane, drives ATP synthase to produce ATP
lactic acid
is produced in humans when glycolysis is used in anaerobic conditions
ethanol
is produced in yeast when glycolysis is used in anaerobic conditions
32 ATP
how many ATP are produced by cellular respiration?
4 DNA bases
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
sugar-phosphate backbone
what makes up the sides of the DNA molecule?
0.10%
what percent of your DNA differs from other people?
98%
what percent of the genome doesn't code for anything?
gene
a unit of heredity that is passed down from parent to offspring
genotype
the letters that contribute to a person's phenotype (eg. AA, Aa, or aa)
phenotype
the expression of a genotype (eg. brown eyes, blue eyes, hazel eyes)
transcription
first step of DNA synthesis, the DNA is read and a single copy is created to be translated to a protein
translation
the information carried by mRNA is read, ingredients in cytoplasm are used to create proteins based on that instruction
mutations
changes in DNA that tend to be disruptive but can be useful and necessary for evolution to take place
epithelial tissue
tissue that covers organs & body surface, lines cavities and hollow organs (eg. simple columnar & pseudostratified columnar)
connective tissue
most abundant type of tissue, provides support & protection, binds structures, serves as frameworks, fills spaces/stores fat, protects against infection, etc (eg. dense regular, cartilage)
muscle tissue
contains muscle fibers, is contractile, consists of skeletal, smooth, & cardiac muscle (eg. skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle)
nervous tissue
tissue found in brain, spinal cord, & nerves (eg. nerve cells)
stratified squamous
which type of epithelial tissue is the skin?
keratinized
when something is ___________, it means that the tissue contains keratin, is typically found on the skin
simple columnar
what kind of epithelial tissue lines the gut?
simple gland
a gland that has only one extension, can contain branches from that one extension
compound gland
a gland that has several extensions off a main branch
fibroblasts
what type of cells make collagen and elastic fibers?
skin functions
protection from drying the body out/friction
protection from foreign organisms
maintains body temperature
excretes salt/sweat
produces vitamin D
contains sensory (touch) receptors
epidermis
layer of the skin that grows continuously from the basal layer upwards; skin cells die as they move upward away from the growth site
dermis
layer of skin that contains blood vessels & collagen/elastic fibers
hypodermis
layer of the skin that mainly consists of fat
melanocytes
cells that produce melanin and replicate slower than other skin cells, are scattered among basal cells
eumelanin
pigment that produces darker hair colors (brown/black)
pheomelanin
pigment that produces lighter hair colors (red, blonde)
sebacous glands
glands that secrete oily sebum and are associated with hair
sweat glands
glands that secrete a watery fluid mix to help expend heat on the surface of the skin
skeletal system
support, movement, & protection of the body & internal organs
promotes the formation of blood cells
stores inorganic salts what system is this?
long bone
a bone that has a shaft, 2 ends, and is longer than it is wide
short bone
a bone that is shaped roughly as a cube and contains mostly spongy bone
flat bone
a bone made up of a layer of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone
irregular bone
the bone type that can vary in shape and structure, therefore not fitting into any other category
epiphyseal plate
the main site of longitudinal growth of long bones, seals after puberty begins
bone marrow
the part of the bone that manufactures bone stem cells and blood cells
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