The Protestant Reformation and Modern Church History

Protestant Reformation

Historical revolt against Church corruption and practices.

Martin Luther

Augustinian priest who initiated the Reformation.

Council of Trent

1545-1563 council clarifying Catholic doctrines.

Counter-Reformation

Period of Catholic renewal after the Reformation.

Ignatius of Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits, promoting education and faith.

Vatican City

Independent nation created by the Lateran Treaty.

Lateran Treaty

1929 agreement establishing Vatican City as a state.

St. Pius X

Pope who lowered Eucharist age to seven.

Confraternity of Christian Doctrine

Religious education program established by St. Pius X.

Modernism

Belief that faith teachings should evolve over time.

St. Maximilian Kolbe

Franciscan priest martyred in Auschwitz for another's life.

Knights of Mary Immaculate

Organization founded by St. Maximilian Kolbe.

St. John Paul II

First non-Italian pope in 500 years.

Assassination attempt on John Paul II

1981 event where he forgave his would-be assassin.

Communism in Eastern Europe

John Paul II's efforts to end communist regimes.

Papal States

Territory ruled by the Pope until 1870.

Victor Emmanuel II

Led Italian unification and annexed Papal States.

Ecumenical Council

Council addressing issues across Christian denominations.

Ursuline Sisters

Religious order founded to educate and reform.

Protestant denominations

Various churches formed from Luther's teachings.