biology unit 1

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85 Terms

1

macromolecule

a molecul

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What are the four Macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
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The Monomer of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (Galactose, Glucose or Fructose)
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The Monomer of Proteins
Amino Acids
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The Monomer of Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
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The Monomer of Lipids
Glycerol and Fatty Acid Chains (2-3)
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The Function of Carbohydrates
Short-term or immediate Energy Source
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The Function of Lipids
Long-term Energy Source
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The Function of Nucleic Acids
Store and Transmit your Genetic Information
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The Function of Proteins
1. Controls the Rates of Reactions
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2. Fights Diseases
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3. Forms Cell Structures
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4. Regulates Cell Processes
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5. Transports stuff In/Out of the Cell
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Examples of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides - Glucose, Fructose
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Disaccharides
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Polysaccharides
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monosaccharides
glucose, fructose
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disaccharides examples
sucrose (glucose + fructose)
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maltose (glucose + glucose)
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lactose (galactose + glucose)
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examples of polysaccharides
glycogen, starch, and cellulose
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Examples of Lipids
Fats, Oils, Waxes, Lipid Steroids (cholesterol), triglycerides, phospholipids
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Examples of Proteins
Enzymes, Hormones, Antibodies, Hemoglobin, Collagen, keratin
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Examples of Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
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organic
a molecule that contains carbon hydrogen bonds
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Four groups of organic molecules
Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids
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1.A. What are the major elements of life?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen.
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1.B. What properties of carbon explain carbon's ability to different large and complex structures?
Carbon can bond to itself, has 4 valence electrons, causing strong covalent bonds to occur between carbon and another element.
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2.A. Name four groups of organic compounds found in living things.
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
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2.B. Describe at least one function of each group of organic compound.
Carbohydrates: main source of energy for plants and animals; proteins: regulation of cellular transportation of materials, cellular processes, formation of structures, and anti-bodies; lipids: storage of energy; storage or transmission of genetic information.
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2.C. Why are proteins considered polymers but lipids not?
Proteins have long chains of monomers, but lipids do NOT made up of components that make up a chain.
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3.A. What atoms constitute the compound above?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
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3.B. What class of macromolecule does the compound belong to?
Carbohydrates
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dehydration synthesis
forms polymers and a water molecule
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hydrolysis
Divides a polymer into monomers through the addition of water
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Where do macromolecules get energy?
macromolecules get energy from bonds
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polymer
result of many monomers linking together (protein or peptide and amino acids or polypeptide)
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What makes up proteins?
polymers made of amino acids (50-500 chains long)
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amino acid is also known as a...?
peptide or protein
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What are nucleic acids made up of?
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus
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monomer
single molecule; small chemical unit that makes up a polymer
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2 monosaccharides
disaccharide
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Key ideas
-All macromolecules are formed through dehydration synthesis
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-all covalent bonds
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-water breaks bonds and gives off energy through hydrolysis
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hydrolysis
Requires water and releases energy
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Taking molecules apart
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Which is the only macromolecule that isn't a polymer
lipid
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What does "acid" indicate?
hydrogen ion is present
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Elements present in carbohydrates
Carbon
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Hydrogen
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Oxygen
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Elements present in proteins
Carbon
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Hydrogen
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Oxygen
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Nitrogen
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Elements present in lipids
Carbon
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Hydrogen
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Oxygen
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Elements present in nucleic acids
Carbon
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Hydrogen
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Oxygen
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Nitrogen
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Phosphorus
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Other name for Carbohydrate
saccharides
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monosaccharide diagram of glucose
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disaccharide diagram of sucrose
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polysaccharide diagram of amylose
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amino acid structure
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diagram of saturated
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diagram of unsaturated
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diagram of nucleotide
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Dipeptides
two amino acids joined together by a peptide bond
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Nitrogen bases in DNA
Adenine
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Guanine
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Thymine
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Cytosine
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polymer and amino acid relationship
Polymer is a protein aka peptide
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Lots of amino acids linked together
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Triglycerides
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carbohydrate structure
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Saturated
Fatty acid consists of single bonds
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Unsaturated
Fatty acid contains double bonds
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Which macromolecule speeds up chemical reactions?
Protein (enzyme)
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