Biomolecules
Large molecules that influence the life processes of organisms
Major Biological molecules
Nucleic Acid, Carbohydrate, Lipids, Protein (Amino Acids)
What influences a biological function
Chemical properties
What influences Chemical Properties
Chemical structure
Carbohydrate composition
Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen
The common element that all biomolecules contain
Carbon
Functional Group
a group of atoms that are bonded to a hydrocarbon and is responsible for the specific chemical properties of the compound
What Biomolecule has the -OH group
Carbohydrate
What Biomolecule has the -NH2 group
Proteins
What Biomolecule has the -PO4 group
Nucleic acids
Monomers are made into polymers via what reaction
Dehydration
Polymers are broken down into monomers via what reaction
Hydrolysis
Importance of Carbohydrate
Energy production
Types of sugar units
monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides
In a biological system, glucose exist primarily in what form
Cyclic form
Monosaccharide
The simplest form of carbohydrates
Examples of monosaccharides
glucose and fructose
Isomers
compounds that have the same molecular formula but are structurally different
Isomers of Glucose
Alpha glucose, Beta glucose
Alpha glucose
The OH group on the first carbon (C1) is positioned below the plane of the molecule.
Beta glucose
The OH group on the first carbon (C1) is positioned above the plane of the molecule.
The three hexoses that are nutritionally and metabolically important are
glucose, fructose, and galactose
Disaccharide
the sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic linkage
Examples of disaccharides
Lactose, sucrose and maltose
The only carbohydrate from Animals
Lactose
Why can’t monogastric animals digest cellulose
They can’t produce the cellulase enzyme that can split β-D-Glucose.
Polysaccharides (Glycan)
long chains of carbohydrate molecules, composed of several smaller monosaccharides
Examples of polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
The simplest polysaccharide
Amylose
Amylose
The polysaccharide that is conposed of primarily of glucose units joined in an alpha 1.4 linkage.
Amylose is water soluble and constitutes 15% to 30% of total starch in most plants
True
Amylopectin
a water-insoluble polysaccharide and highly branched polymer of α-glucose units found in plants
Amylopectini and Amylose which is more complex
Amylose
How many amino acids exist
20
Compositions of amino acids
Central atom, Amine group, Carboxyl group, R group.
Aliphatic compounds
any chemical compound belonging to the organic class in which the atoms are connected by single, double, or triple bonds to form nonaromatic structures.
Peptide Bonds
The bond between amino acids
What forms a peptide bond
The carboxyl group (COOH) of one amino acid bonds with the amino group (NH2) of another amino acid
The Four Levels of Protein structure
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
Primary protein structure
Sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Secondary protein structure
Forms pleated sheet, helix or coil
Tertiary protein structure
entire length of amino acid folded into a shape
Quaternary protein structure
Severl amino acid sequences linked together
Functions of proteins
Enzyme catalysts, Defense, Transport, Support