Biomolecules

Biomolecules

Large molecules that influence the life processes of organisms

Major Biological molecules

Nucleic Acid, Carbohydrate, Lipids, Protein (Amino Acids)

What influences a biological function

Chemical properties

What influences Chemical Properties

Chemical structure

Carbohydrate composition

Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen

The common element that all biomolecules contain

Carbon

Functional Group

a group of atoms that are bonded to a hydrocarbon and is responsible for the specific chemical properties of the compound

What Biomolecule has the -OH group

Carbohydrate

What Biomolecule has the -NH2 group

Proteins

What Biomolecule has the -PO4 group

Nucleic acids

Monomers are made into polymers via what reaction

Dehydration

Polymers are broken down into monomers via what reaction

Hydrolysis

Importance of Carbohydrate

Energy production

Types of sugar units

monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides

In a biological system, glucose exist primarily in what form

Cyclic form

Monosaccharide

The simplest form of carbohydrates

Examples of monosaccharides

glucose and fructose

Isomers

compounds that have the same molecular formula but are structurally different

Isomers of Glucose

Alpha glucose, Beta glucose

Alpha glucose

The OH group on the first carbon (C1) is positioned below the plane of the molecule.

Beta glucose

The OH group on the first carbon (C1) is positioned above the plane of the molecule.

The three hexoses that are nutritionally and metabolically important are

glucose, fructose, and galactose

Disaccharide

the sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic linkage

Examples of disaccharides

Lactose, sucrose and maltose

The only carbohydrate from Animals

Lactose

Why can’t monogastric animals digest cellulose

They can’t produce the cellulase enzyme that can split β-D-Glucose.

Polysaccharides (Glycan)

long chains of carbohydrate molecules, composed of several smaller monosaccharides

Examples of polysaccharides

starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

The simplest polysaccharide

Amylose

Amylose

The polysaccharide that is conposed of primarily of glucose units joined in an alpha 1.4 linkage.

Amylose is water soluble and constitutes 15% to 30% of total starch in most plants

True

Amylopectin

a water-insoluble polysaccharide and highly branched polymer of α-glucose units found in plants

Amylopectini and Amylose which is more complex

Amylose

How many amino acids exist

20

Compositions of amino acids

Central atom, Amine group, Carboxyl group, R group.

Aliphatic compounds

any chemical compound belonging to the organic class in which the atoms are connected by single, double, or triple bonds to form nonaromatic structures.

Peptide Bonds

The bond between amino acids

What forms a peptide bond

The carboxyl group (COOH) of one amino acid bonds with the amino group (NH2) of another amino acid

The Four Levels of Protein structure

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Primary protein structure

Sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Secondary protein structure

Forms pleated sheet, helix or coil

Tertiary protein structure

entire length of amino acid folded into a shape

Quaternary protein structure

Severl amino acid sequences linked together

Functions of proteins

Enzyme catalysts, Defense, Transport, Support