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Cardiovascular system
Consists of the heart and blood vessels.
Circulatory system
Includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Pulmonary circuit
Carries oxygen-poor blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for gas exchange.
Systemic circuit
Supplies oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to all tissues of the body.
Oxygen-poor blood
Blood that is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide.
Oxygenated blood
Blood that is rich in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide.
Inferior vena cava
Returns blood from the lower body to the right atrium of the heart.
Superior vena cava
Returns blood from the upper body to the right atrium of the heart.
Aorta
Largest artery in the body; carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the body.
Coronary circulation
5% of the blood pumped by the heart is directed to supply the heart muscle itself.
Myocardial infarction (MI)
A heart attack caused by interruption of blood supply, leading to death of cardiac cells.
Collateral circulation
Alternative routes of blood flow provided by arterial anastomoses.
Angina pectoris
Chest pain due to partial obstruction of coronary blood flow.
Cardiac muscle
Striated muscle that makes up the heart and performs contraction to pump blood.
Cardiomyocytes
Short, thick, branched cells with one central nucleus in cardiac muscle.
Intercalated discs
Structure that joins cardiomyocytes end to end, allowing for communication and mechanical linkages.
Pacemaker cells
Modified cardiomyocytes in the SA node that initiate each heartbeat.
Sinoatrial (SA) node
The primary pacemaker of the heart located in the right atrium.
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Serves as an electrical gateway to the ventricles, located near the right AV valve.
Bundle of His
A bundle of heart muscle fibers that helps conduct the electrical impulses from the AV node.
Purkinje fibers
Fibers that spread throughout the ventricular myocardium to distribute electrical signals.
Sympathetic nerves
Increase heart rate and contraction strength.
Parasympathetic nerves
Slow the heart rate.
Diastole
The relaxation phase of the heart during which the chambers fill with blood.
Systole
The contraction phase of the heart during which blood is ejected from the chambers.
Sinus rhythm
The normal heartbeat triggered by the SA node.
Ectopic focus
A region that initiates a heartbeat other than the SA node.
Cardiac output (CO)
The amount of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute.
Stroke volume (SV)
The amount of blood ejected by a ventricle with each heartbeat.
End-diastolic volume (EDV)
The volume of blood in a ventricle at the end of diastole.
End-systolic volume (ESV)
The volume of blood remaining in a ventricle at the end of systole.
Afterload
The sum of all forces opposing ejection of blood from a ventricle.
Preload
The amount of tension in ventricular myocardium immediately before contraction.
Contractility
The strength of muscular contraction during systole.
Chronotropic effects
Factors that influence heart rate.
Autonomic nervous system
Modulates but does not initiate the heartbeat.
Baroreceptors
Pressure sensors that monitor blood pressure and signal to cardiac centers.
Chemoreceptors
Sensors that monitor blood chemistry, including pH and gas levels.
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
A disease characterized by the narrowing of coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis
The accumulation of lipid deposits that obstruct the arterial lumen.
Valvular insufficiency (incompetence)
Failure of a valve to prevent the backflow of blood.
Mitral valve prolapse
A condition where the mitral valve bulges into the atrium during contraction.
Heart sounds
Sounds produced by the closure of heart valves during the cardiac cycle.
Auscultation
Listening to the sounds made by the body, such as heart sounds.
Cardiac cycle
One complete contraction and relaxation of all four chambers of the heart.
Isovolumetric contraction
Phase in which the ventricles contract but no blood is ejected.
Ventricular ejection
Phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles pump blood into the arteries.
Isovolumetric relaxation
Phase in which the ventricles relax but no blood flows in because all valves are closed.
Ventricular filling
Phase of the cardiac cycle where the ventricles fill with blood.
Stroke volume (SV)
Volume of blood ejected with each heartbeat.
Cardiac reserve
The difference between a person's maximum and resting cardiac output.
Tachycardia
An abnormally high heart rate, above 100 bpm.
Bradycardia
An abnormally low heart rate, below 60 bpm.
Defibrillation
A procedure to restore a normal heartbeat by delivering a strong electrical shock.
Heart block
A condition where the conduction system fails to conduct impulses properly.
Ventricular fibrillation
A serious arrhythmia where the heart cannot pump blood effectively.
ECG (electrocardiogram)
A recording of the electrical activity of the heart.
P wave
Represents atrial depolarization on an ECG.
QRS complex
Represents ventricular depolarization on an ECG.
T wave
Represents ventricular repolarization on an ECG.
Dicrotic notch
Pressure rebound observed in arterial pressure after closure of semilunar valves.
Coronary bypass surgery
A surgical procedure to restore blood flow to the heart by bypassing blocked arteries.
Coronary artery stent
A device used to prevent the narrowing of arteries post-angioplasty.
Pacemaker potential
The gradual depolarization of the SA node that leads to the generation of heartbeats.
Ischemia
Inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body.
Endothelium
The thin layer of cells lining the blood vessels.
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