Head and Neck Anatomy and Physiology

All references to body structures are made assuming the body is in anatomic position; anatomic position is the erect position of the body, arms at the sides, with head, eyes, and palms facing forward.

Both statements are true

The anatomic term that BEST describes the tip surface of the tongue is:

dorsal

Which of the following results in the formation of flat bone of the skull?

intramembranous ossification

Each of the following bones of the skull is considered a facial bone EXCEPT the:

1. Maxilla

2. Occipital bone

3. Zygomatic bone

4. Lacrimal bome

Occipital bone

The articulation between the frontal bone and the parietal bone is the:

coronal suture

The petrous portion of the temporal bone contains the mastoid process. This process serves as an attachment for the trapezius muscle.

The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

It serves as an attachment for the SCM muscle.

All three branches of which one of the following nerves passes through foramina of the sphenoid bone?

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Which of the following bones has paired canals that transmit cranial nerve XII, hypoglossal?

Occipital bone

Which part of the temporal bone forms the cranial portion of the temporomandibular joint?

Squamous part

In which of the following pairs is a movable articulation?

Occipital condyles with first cervical vertebrae (atlas)

Which of the following is a landmark on the sphenoid bone for the attachment of many of the muscles of mastication?

Pterygoid process

Which of the following structures is perforated by foramina for the passage of olfactory nerves for the sense of smell?

cribriform plate

All of the following are paired facial bone EXCEPT the:

1. Nasal bone

2. Maxilla bone

3. Zygomatic bone

4. Vomer

Vomer

An important landmark for local anesthesia lies posterior to the most distal maxillary molar. Identify the landmark and nerve that passes through its foramina.

Maxillary tuberosity, posterior superior alveolar nerve

Infiltration of local anesthetic is more successful in mandibular anterior teeth than mandibular posterior teeth because:

The alveolar process of the mandibular incisors is less dense

Which of the following landmarks on the ramus of the mandible serves as a landmark for th determining the height of injection for the inferior alveolar nerve block?

Coronoid notch

Which of the following is an important landmark to note radiographically to avoid misinterpretation as an oral radiolucent lesion?

Mental foramen

Infection of which of the following sinuses can cause discomfort and complications with the maxillary posterior teeth?

Maxillary

When a skeletal muscle contracts to cause a given movement, the more movable end of attachment is termed its:

Insertion

All of the following are muscles of facial expression EXCEPT the:

1. Orbicularis oculi

2. Buccinator

3. Temporalis

4. Mentalis

Temporalis

When contracted, which of the following muscles tightens and narrows the vestibule, making access to the facial aspect of the mandibular incisors difficult?

Mentalis

WHich one of the following muscles of facial expression encircles the mouth and is responsible for closure of the lips?

orbicularis oris

The muscles of mastication consist of four paired muscles inserting on the mandible. The muscles of mastication are innervated by the mandibular division of cranial nerve V (trigeminal).

Both statements are true

The muscle of facial expression that aids in mastication is the:

buccinator

Lateral deviation of the mandible occurs when:

One head of the lateral pterygoid muscle is contracted

Which of the following occurs when one side of the sternocleidomastoid muscle is contracted?

The head and neck bend to the same side

Which of the following muscle groups elevate the hyoid bone?

Suprahyoid muscles

All of the following muscles of mastication elevate the mandible EXCEPT the:

1. Masseter

2. Medial Pterygoid

3. Temporalis

4. Lateral Pterygoid

Lateral pterygoid

During an oral examination, you ask the client to protrude the tongue. What muscle is necessary for this action?

Genioglossus

Intrinsic tongue muscles are located entirely inside the tongue. These muscles act to change shape of the tongue.

Both statements are true

The muscle that unites with its counterpart to form the floor of the mouth is the:

Mylohyoid

Taste sensations for the body of the tongue are provided by which of the following nerves?

Chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve

Which of the following describes the type of movement achieved by the temporomandibular joint?

Gliding and rotation

The articular fossa of the temporal bone articulates with the mandible at the temporomandibular joint at which landmark?

Condyle

The temporomandibular joint is innervated by the:

Trigeminal nerve

All the following major salivary glands secrete mixed secretions EXCEPT the:

1. Parotid gland

2. Submandibular salivary gland

3. Sublingual salivary gland

4. Von Ebner gland

Parotid gland

The parotid gland produces the least volume of saliva because it is the smallest salivary gland.

The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT correct

The sublingual caruncle:

Receives the submandibular duct

A ligament associated with the temporomandibular joint is an important landmark for local anesthesia. Name the landmark on the nerve block.

Sphenomandibular ligament, inferior alveolar

Salivary glands in the soft palate (buccal, labial, and lingual mucosa) secrete mostly mucous fluid. Von Ebner glands located in the circumvallate lingual papillae secrete only serous fluid.

Both statements are true

Which of the following glands secretes hormones to regulate calcium metabolism and phosphorus uptake?

Parathyroid

Which of the following is NOT an exocrine gland of the head?

Thyroid gland- it is an endocrine gland which have no ducts. it empties directly into the circulatory system and transports secretions to the region to be used

The thymus gland is an endocrine gland because it has an associated duct.

The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT correct

The salivary gland most often associated with salivary stone formation is the:

Submandibular

Which of the following glands is the LARGEST salivary gland?

Parotid

When examining a healthy client, this endocrine gland moves with its associated cartilage.

Thyroid gland

The palatine tonsil is commonly enlarged in children. This tonsil is also referred to as the adenoids.

Both statements are FALSE.

It is the pharyngeal tonsil

Which of the following lymph nodes is easily palpable in clients with tonsillar lymphadenopathy?

Jugulodigastric node

Pea-like firmness of the facial lymph nodes might indicate:

Infection from adjacent teeth

Which of the following lymph nodes drain the cheek, hard palate, tongue, and anterior nasal cavity?

Submandibular nodes

Which of the following lymph nodes empty into the jugular trunk?

Deep cervical lymph nodes

Leukocytes are white blood cells that protect the body against infection. All of the following are leukocytes EXCEPT:

1. Neutrophils

2. Eosinophils

3. Basophils

4. Erythrocytes

Erythrocytes- red blood cells lacking nuclei that produce hemoglobin which functions to transport oxygen from the lungs to body tissues in exchange for carbon dioxide.

The most reliable arterial pulse in the body is located in the:

Carotid sinus

Which of the following arteries supplies the muscles of mastication?

Maxillary artery- consists of three parts; the second portion of the maxillary artery also has muscle branches to the temporalis, masseter, and lateral and medial pterygoid muscles.

The facial vein communicates with the cavernous venous sinus; this sinus can become fatally infected through the spread of dental infection.

Both statements are true

Which of the following arteries supplies the submandibular salivary gland?

Submental artery- branch of the facial artery that supplies the submandibular lymph nodes, submandibular salivary gland, and mylohyoid and digastric muscles.

Which one of the following statements is NOT true about the pterygoid plexus?

1. Drains portions of the face into the maxillary vein

2. Can be involved in the spread of dental infections by improper administration of local anesthesia

3. Protects the maxillary artery

4. Has valves that prevent backflow of blood

Has valves that prevent backflow of blood

Dental infections can lead to serious complications, since veins in the head and neck generally lack valves that prevent backflow of blood.

Both the statement and the reason are correct and related

The central nervous system consists of the following:

Brain and spinal cord

Nerves that carry impulses away from the brain or spinal cord to a body structure are known as:

Efferent

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for stressful situations, "fight or flight". Which of the following symptoms might a client with severe dental anxiety exhibit during the dental appointment?

Increase in heart rate

Which of the following nerves is paired correctly with the tissue it innervates?

Glossopharyngeal nerve, base of the tongue

All of the following are branches of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve EXCEPT the:

1. Infraorbital nerve

2. Anterior superior alveolar nerve

3. Auriculotemporal nerve

4. Nasopalatine nerve

Auriculotemporal nerve

The only trigeminal nerve division carrying both afferent and efferent nerves is the

Mandibular- sensory and motor

Which of the following nerves is NOT always present in the oral cavity?

1. Greater palatine

2. Mental

3. Middle superior alveolar

4. Anterior superior alveolar

Middle superior alveolar- only 72% of people have this nerve

Damage to this nerve can result in facial paralysis or Bell's palsy:

Facial

The facial nerve travels through the parotid gland; innervation of the parotid gland is provided by the facial nerve.

The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

The facial nerve travels through the parotid gland but does not innervate it; innervation of the parotid gland is by way of the glossopharyngeal nerve, cranial nerve IX.

Which of the following nerves enters the skull through the foramen ovale?

Mandibular

Knowledge of the trigeminal nerve is critical for the successful administration of a local anesthetic agent. Which of the following cranial nerves is the trigeminal nerve?

a. I

b. III

c. IV

d. V

V

Which of the following nerves is NOT part of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve?

1. Buccal

2. Mental

3. Lacrimal

4. Incisive

Lacrimal- branch of the ophthalmic nerve, V1 of the trigeminal nerve.

Which of the following nerves innervates the muscles of mastication?

Mandibular

Which of the following nerves is the largest of the trigeminal branches?

Mandibular

What is the purpose of synovial fluid in the synovial joint?

Lubricates the joint

The four muscles of mastication are the masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid. These muscles of mastication are innervated by the cranial nerve VI.

The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

The muscles of mastication are innervated by the third division, V3 of the trigeminal nerve.

All of the following cranial nerves are part of the pharyngeal plexus and pass through the skull by way of the jugular foramen EXCEPT:

1. CN- VI (abducens nerve)

2. CN- IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)

3. CN- X (vagus nerve)

4. CN- XI (accessory nerve)

CN- VI (abducens nerve) exits the skull through the superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone.