Unit 1 AP World History | Global Tapestry

This highlights many of the events, key figures, and main concepts between the years c. 1200 C.E. - 1450 C.E.

cultural/scientific advances in Baghdad under Abbasid Caliphate

astronomy, mathematics, ethics, philosophy, law, logic, medicine; translated Greek philosophies into Arabic and improved on them; transferred knowledge to Afro-Eurasia

mit'a

labor system used by Incans, requiring males age 15-50 to contribute to agriculture and building of roads

Chinampa

A floating garden on which the Aztecs grew crops

Human sacrifice

A type of offering that several empires practiced as an offering to the gods. Examples of empires that used this include the Aztecs, Incas, and Mayans.

quipu

A system of knotted strings used by the Inca Empire to keep track of numbers and figures because they did not have a writing system

scholar-gentry

The Chinese class of well-educated men from whom many bureaucrats were chosen; educated in Confucian philosophy

Sultan

Political leader of Islamic Empire

Neo-Confucianism

A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; Revived Confucian thinking ;Included ideas from Daoism and Buddhism; Promoted the idea of universal sagehood that could be acquired from proper study; Form of Confucianism that influenced Korea, Japan, and Vietnam with Daoist elements.

Japan's Code of Bushido

Moral code of conduct for the samurai to follow, emphasizing honor, courage, and skill in martial arts, as well as loyalty to the daimyo.

House of Wisdom

Academic center of learning in Baghdad;

Preserved important works of scholarship from across Europe and the Middle East and transferred it across Afro-Eurasia; Built upon classical knowledge and made breakthroughs in math and medicine.

foot binding

A practice in ancient China in which young girls' feet were bound painfully tight, to ensure that their feet remained no longer than four inches; signified high social class at first, but later became widespread in China

Civil service exam

A system developed in China designed to select only the studious and smartest for bureaucratic positions (scholar-gentry) in the Chinese government. The test was largley based on knowledge in Confucianism.

Mayan innovations

Used concept of zero, developed a complex writing system, made rubber out of plants, accurate calendar using astronomy

Muslim advances in medicine

Hospital care improved in certain cities (ex. Cairo) and doctors had to take a test in order to get their medical license in order to practice medicine

Mexicas

Another name for the Aztecs

Role of Women in China as Stated in Analects for Women

Women must be pure, modest, serve husbands, raise children, gently correct husband if needed; suppress emotion

China's class structure during the Song Dynasty

Aristocracy was heavily outnumbered by the scholar gentry, followed by farmers, artisans, then merchants.

Dar al-Islam

-"House of Islam"

-Muslim territory

-Parts of the world where Islam is a dominant force

-Stretched from the Iberian Peninsula of Western Europe to the far islands of Southeast Asia

Unique elements of culture retained by Vietnam as Chinese culture spread

Vietnamese women had more freedom/independence in their marriage than women in Confucian religion. Additionally, Vietnam preferred nuclear families rather than living in extended families and rejected the custom of foot-binding. Rejected polygyny.

Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt

- Empire established by Egyptian slave class of skilled warriors.

- Defeated the Mongols.

Mandate of Heaven and Dynastic Cycle

-Believed authority to rule came from the heavens

-Once the dynasty lost the Mandate of Heaven as evidence by corruption and natural disasters, the people were allowed to rebel and setup a new dynasty.

Song Growth of Population and Cities

Agricultural developments, improved roads, foreign trade, more technology lead to a drastically increased population (examples- fertilizer for crops and Champa Rice); Increased from 25% of world population to 40%

Ibn Khaldun

Muslim scholar well known for his historical accounts; also widely acknowledged as founder of the fields in historiography (study of methods of historians) and sociology

Delhi Sultanate

Reigned for 300 years, brought Islam into Northern India, inefficient bureaucracy; stopped Mongol advance into India; used jizya to encourge conversion

A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah

Most prolific female Muslim writer before the 20th century; widely famous Sufi poet

Aztec Tribute System

Forced conquered people to pay this by material items (food, cloth, firewood, luxury goods) and human sacrifice so the Aztecs could ensure dominance.

Chinese Tributary System

Nations kowtowed to Chinese emperor and brought tribute (native products/precious commodities Ex. Champa rice from Vietnam) in return for the ability to trade and establish diplomacy.

Issues causing conflict between Hindus and Muslims in India

Hindus were polytheistic, Muslims were monotheistic. Hindus accepted inequality through caste system, while Muslims emphasized equality. Hindus used many icons, Muslims forbade any visual depiction of Allah.

Mahayana Buddhism

Vietnamese Buddhism that spread into China and Korea. Introduced concept of deities and gods; Emphasized role of Bodhisattva

Unique element of culture retained by Korea as Chinese culture spread

Korea allowed only the aristocracy to take the civil service exam

Jizya tax

a tax imposed on non-Muslims by Muslim rulers; caused resentment in Delhi Sultanate

Ways Islam Spread

Military (conquering), merchants (as people traded, they also spread ideas), and missionaries (people such as the Sufis helped to convince people to convert); madrasas

Status of women under Islam

Could inherit property and retain ownership after marriage

Could remarry if widowed

Receive cash settlement if divorced

Could initiate divorce under some conditions

Could practice birth control

If testified in a court under shariah were protected from retaliation (testimony only half that of a man)

Held much higher in Islam compared to other places

Islam and the Caste System

There was no caste system in Islam, but Muslims in India joined the caste hierarchy based on occupation.

Influences of China on Japan, Korea, Vietnam

Buddhism

Confucianism

Writing

Woodblock printing

Architecture

Bhakti Movement

Popular development in Hinduism that advocated devotion to particular deity, rather than the emphasis of rituals or texts. Helped spread Hinduism; similar to Muslim Sufi movement.

Muslim cultural transfers

Preserved writings of Greek thinkers; math from India like Arabic numbers; paper-making from China

Srivijaya Empire

Buddhist dominate empire that flourished from the 600s to 1200. Controlled the Strait of Malacca and the Sundra Strait. Had to pass through here to get to China from India so trade was taxed

Nasir al-Din al Tusi

Islamic scholar who contributed to astronomy, law, logic, ethics, mathematics, philosophy, and medicine. An observatory was built under his direction: most advanced in the world; saved items from destruction when House of Wisdom destroyed

Incan Religion

Inti who is the sun god, was the most important of the gods; emperor viewed as descendant from the gods

Turkish empires that developed from fragmented Abbasid Caliphate

The Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt; Seljuk Turks; Delhi Sultans

Carpa Nan

A massive Incan roadway system with some 25,000 miles of roads used mainly by the government and military; linked empire and used for trade

Vijayanagara Empire

Empire in southern India founded by two brothers from Delhi Sultanate in 1336 who converted back to Hinduism from Islam

Religions that spread into Southeast Asia before the arrival of Europeans

Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam

Sufis

A form of Islam that emphasized inward search and disproved materialism. Because of their tolerance to local faiths, they got many people to convert to Islam and helped spread the faith.

Mayan City-State

The main form of Mayan government in which each city-state was ruled by a king who claimed to be descended from a god. The king directed activities of the elite scribes and priests who administered the affairs of the state. There was no central government that ruled all Mayan lands.

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. Included aqueducts, marketplace, chinampas, pyramids.

Sharia/Shari'ah

Islamic law, based on the Quran

Song Iron Production

China's production of this metal in the 12th century was so sophisticated, it rivaled Europe in the 18th century. (produced approximately 32,000 suits of armor and 16 million iron arrowheads per year)

Syncretic

The combination of several religions/traditions.

Unique elements of culture retained by Japan as Chinese culture spread

Japan rejected the Mandate of Heaven. They also kept a feudal society, while China had more centralized power.

Social Structure of Aztec Society

The emperor, also known as "the Great Speaker" stood at the top; believed to be a representative of the gods. Followed by nobles, scribes and healers, traders (the pochteca were a special class of merchants that sold luxury items), and at the bottom stood soldiers and peasants.

Knowledge borrowed by Arabs from Indians

Algebra or geometry as well as the Arabic numeral system were borrowed from Indians by the Arabs.

Khmer Empire

A.K.A. Angkor Kingdom (802-1431). One of the most prosperous land based empires in Southeast Asia from their complex irrigation and drainage system. Situated near the Mekong River. Were first Hindus, but later converted into Buddhism; Angkor Watt temple shows mix of Hinduism and Buddhism

Rajput Kingdoms

Hindu kingdoms in northern India; led by leaders of different clans at war with one another, led to lack of centralized government and vulnerability to attack by Muslims.

caliph

Muslim political and religious leader of the faith; in early Islam was successor to the prophet Muhammad

Chan (Zen) Buddhism

Form of Buddhism that spread into China and Japan; Combined with elements of Daoist traditions; emphasized direct experience and meditation as opposed to formal learning based on studying scripture

Cordoba

Umayyad rulers in Cordoba (Islamic capital of Spain) created a climate of tolerance for Muslims, Christians, Jews

Center of learning and intellectual transfer: Held largest library in the world at the time and built universities

Japanese Feudal Structure

The feudal structure was segregated into seven parts: Emperor (figurehead) Shogun (military dictator), Daimyo, Samurai, Peasants, Craftsmen, and Merchants.

Kin-based Networks

Those in Sub-Saharan Africa did not centralize power under one leader or central government, but formed groups of families governing themselves including roles based on gender. A male head of the network, a chief, meditated conflicts and dealt with neighboring groups.

Grand Canal

An internal waterway that extended over 30,000 miles supporting a vibrant internal trade allowed China under the Song to become the most populous trading area in the world.

Champa Rice

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (Vietham) as part of the tributary system; led to population growth in China.

Aztec Religion

Polytheistic and worshiped hundreds of gods. Worship consisted of rituals and feasts. Believed that the world was created sacrifices of gods and human sacrifice atoned for the sins of humans by offering their blood.

Mali Empire

- trading society; rose in place of Ghana

- thrived in gold trade

- founding ruler: Sundiata (Muslim & used connections w/ others of his faith to establish trade relationships)

- Mansa Musa: made lavish displays of wealth during his hajj

Zimbabwe Kingdom

Kingdom in southern Africa; known for stone dwellings; gained wealth through trade within Indian Ocean Trade Network; Gold important source of wealth; Cattle herding and agriculture also important

Great Schism

The split between the Roman Catholic and Orthodox church that occurred in 1054; Roman Catholicism became stronger in western Europe, while Eastern Orthodox branch spread into eastern Europe

Trans-Saharan trade network

A trade network that traded goods across the Sahara desert in the northern part of the African continent.

Ghana Kingdom

West African kingdom; founded during 5th century; sold gold and ivory to Muslim traders in exchange for salt, copper, cloth, and tools; centralized government aided by nobles; army had iron weapons

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

Indian Ocean Slave Trade

Trade of slaves between East Africa -> Middle East & India, result of high demand for enslaved workers in Middle East; slaves provided valuable labor on sugar plantations in Mesopotamia

Swahili

Bantu language with a mixture of Arabic, spoken in coastal regions of East Africa; example of cultural blending or syncretism

Renaissance

Revival of ancient Greek and Roman culture, art, and literature that occurred in Europe between 1300 and 1600 that focused on humanism and the individual

European Feudalism Social Structure

A king gave land to lords in exchange for loyalty. These lords would become the king's vassal. Lords would then give knights some land for the knight to become the lord's vassal. Finally there were serfs who served the lords and were protected by the knights. Serfs would be in charge of agriculture and forced to pay tribute.

Ethiopia as a Christian kingdom; Coptic Christianity

Has one of the oldest forms of Christianity which developed independently from Europe; combined African traditions(ancestor veneration and belief in spirits) with Christianity; power expressed architecturally with 11 massive churches made of rock

Indian Ocean Trade Network

Sea based exchange routes that connected Africa, the Middle East, India, and Southeast Asia

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain; it lasted from about 800 until 1492, when Christians were eventually able to conquer Spain; Resulted persecution of Jews and Muslims

East African City States

Approximately 40 trading centers on the East Coast of Africa such as Mogadishu, Kilwa, and Sofala that grew into busy market places and trade centers; Connected to other regions of the world through Indian Ocean Trade Network

Role of Roman Catholic Church in European medieval society

Gave spiritual guidance, established universities, created art to teach Bible to illiterate; pressured lords; created monasteries; Served as an alternative source of power in society to kings/lords

Hausa Kingdoms

African kingdoms divided into 7 states connected through kinship ties; each state specialized in their own field (agriculture, military, etc.); kingdoms became largely Muslim through the trans-Saharan trade system and missionaries ; government was not centralized;

Manorial System

Large fiefs, or estates. Self sufficient villages, so limited need for trade. Included homes of serfs, church, mill, blacksmith.