History 1301 Unit Two Exam

problems in new US left over from old country

problems in new US left over from old country

debt, mercantilism, interior security

the cabinet

created by washington; a group of people who run different things in executive branch

• not in constitution

Secretary of Treasury

handled money (taxes, tariffs, etc.)

• originally Alexander Hamilton

Secretary of State

handles states, foreign policy, everything else

• originally Thomas Jefferson

Secretary of War

oversaw daily military functions (president still over whole military)

Attorney General

handles enforcement of law

policies from First US Congress

1. tariff of 1789

2. judiciary act of 1789

tariff of 1789

established national gov.’s right to regulate trade and raise or lower taxes

• sig: tariffs used to raise money until great depression

Judiciary Act of 1789

created national tiered court system

• Supreme Courts → Circuit (Appeal) Courts → District Courts → State Courts

Chief Justice of Supreme Court

head of supreme court, calls session to order, has more say on appeals

Section 25 of Judiciary Act

establishes almost any act can appeal to SCOTUS

• money and civil cases can go but are rarely seen

• US is first country to do so

hamilton’s “Public Good and Elitism” philosophy

stated gov should not be selfish but should do things for the people, divided people into two groups:

• elites (rich, entrepreneurs, business owners, political figures)

• masses (everyone else)

elitist must be on board for social action or change will be very hard

debt in 1789

loans were at 15% of original value

• elites bought farmer’s loans while they were waiting for gov to repay them

Funding (in Hamilton’s Funding & Assumption Plan)

government bought every IOU at their original value with government bonds

• traded one big loan for the people’s little loans

• gov only paid interest off in beginning

Assumption (in Hamilton’s Funding & Assumption Plan)

national government assumed/took on state debt

problems and compromise in Funding & Assumption

Jefferson threatened to remove assumption but agreed if capital city was in south, he’d ignore it

Powers of First Bank of the US

1. print money/ issue currency

2. store money

3. make loans to businesses

4. control interest rates @ other banks

significance of First Bank of US

1. started debate over constitution interpretation

2. created financial stability

strict construction

believed government could only do what is specifically written in constitution and nothing else

• so national bank, cabinet, etc. were unconstitutional

loose construction

believed government should follow constitution but with reasonable room for interpretation

• pointed to “Necessary and Proper” clause of constitution

significance of strict vs loose construction argument

1. still argued over today but under different name

2. dynamic between those in power and choice of interpretation still exists

ideas of Federalist Political Party

1. hamiltonian economics

2. high tariffs

3. more taxes

4. favored Northern, Urban environment

5. preferred Britain as foreign partner

ideas of Democratic - Republican Party

1. jefferson’s economics

2. low tariffs

3. less taxes

4. favored southern, rural environment

5. preferred France as foreign partnerf

election of 1792

Washington had to be convinced to run again

• pres.: Washington

• VP: John Adams

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Hamilton taxed the production and sale of whiskey, farmers began to rebel, but stopped at when Washington sent volunteer army

3 significances of Whiskey Rebellion

1. established national government’s ability to deal with internal disturbances

2. set precedent of how gov. would treat rebellions (send army or nat. guard)

3. showed new gov. and const. could and would enforce the law

Northwest Indian War (1785-95)

large coalition of Natives banded together to fight further American colonization of West, led to discovery that british troops were violating treaty by still occupying Western US

• gave people reason to push for war

Jays Treaty (1794)

washington sent John Jay, who was not secretary of state, to prevent war with Britain:

1. british agreed to remove troops finally from US soil

2. brit. gave US favored nation status in regards to trade

3 outcomes of Jay’s Treaty

1. no promise from British to end impressment

2. everyone generally disliked treaty because it solved no issues

3. senate accepted treaty b/c only alternative was war w/ British

3 significances of Jay’s Treaty

1. did prevent war with british that US would’ve lost

2. first high criticism of washington as a president

3. step in formation/definition of political parties

Election of 1796

President: John Adams, Federalist

VP: Thomas Jefferson, Democratic Republican

• first election where party affiliation mattered

• Federalists controlled all 3 branches

XYZ Affair (1797)

set of latter between Adams and french ministers saying that in order to meet with Talleyrand:

1. US had to give french $10m dollar loan

2. US had to give personal gift to Talleyrand of $250k

Quasi War (1798-1800)

undeclared naval war between french and america

Convention of 1800

napolean, now ruling france, agreed with Adams to be friends/allies, promised free trade

origins of Alien and Sedition Acts

federalist party wanted to limit political influence of french immigrants and attack Democratic-Republican Party for anti-government press

Alien Friends Act

gave president power to deport any resident alien deemed dangerous to the safety and peace of US

• never used, expired 1800

Alien Enemies Act

immigrants from a nation at war with US could be deported w/out cause

• not used by Adams, but still exists today under different name in code of law

Sedition Act

criticizing federal government or president was a crime

• aimed at democratic-republican press, was used numerous times

significance of Alien and Sedition Acts

1. gave president powers not in constitution

2. issues/acts controversial then and still today

3. biggest negative on Adam’s legacy/presidency/career

Virginia and Kentucky Resolution (1798)

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison met with Southern and Southwest states secretly to interpret constitution as response to Alien and Sedition Acts

Compact Theory

in creating and ratifying constitution, states gave up power to national government and wrote out specific powers for national gov. → states have power to interpret constitution

Nullification

declares that states can nullify a law through lack of enforcement if they find it unconstitutional

• only worked if majority of states agreed

• did not officially repeal law but removed law’s power

contract theory

opposing constitutional interpretation theory to compact theory; people wrote and ratified constitution → courts interpret through judicial review

• favored by supreme court and national government

significances of Compact Theory and Nullification

1. despite being invalid, states kept trying (and failing) to use nullification

2. southern leaders based right to secede on compact theory

Election of 1800 Candidates

• John Adams (Federalist, reelection)

• Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr (D-R, trying to get Feds out of office)

Election of 1800 Results

Burr and Jefferson tied, Adams in third

• tiebreaker goes to Fed House of Representatives, Hamilton broke deadlock by supporting Jefferson

Election of 1800 Significances

1. 12th amendment refined electoral college

2. created ticket system where Pres. and VP run together

3. set precedent for peaceful transition of power

Adam’s Lame Duck Period

while waiting to leave office, Adams created Judicial Act of 1801 and filled new courts with Federalists, called Midnight Appointees

John Marshall

appointed Chief Justice of Supreme Court by John Adams (1801-1835)

• one of best/most significant Chief Justices

Marbury v Madison overview

William Marbury was not delivered his commission to be a SC judge before Jefferson’s presidency b/c Jeff ordered Madison not to → Marbury sues for Writ of Mandamus to order Madison to deliver his SC Commission

3 Questions and Decisions of Marbury v. Madison

1. Did Marbury have the right to his commission? Yes

2. Did Marbury have a legal way to fix the issue? Yes, but Writ of Mand. was problematic b/c of high level officials

3. Is it proper for the SC to use a Writ of Mandamus on executive branch? No, gets rid of checks and balances within branches

Judicial Review

power of courts to interpret constitution

• confirms contract theory

• indirectly refutes Jefferson’s compact theory and nullification

significances of Marbury v Madison

1. established judicial review

2. indirect refute of compact theory and nullification

3. Jefferson’s biggest defeat as president

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

US worried abt losing right to Mississippi River, so they sent negotiators to France → bought entire Louisiana Territory for 15m despite only being prepared to buy New Orleans for 10m

why Napoleon sold Louisiana Territory

French had no use b/c they lost Haiti in a slave rebellion and didn’t want to lose land to British

4 significances of Louisiana Purchase

1. secured US right to Mississippi River and New Orleans for trade

2. doubled size of US

3. cheap; less than 3 cents an acre

4. example of how people act in vs out of power in reference to strict or loose construction

problems with British during Jefferson’s presidency

1. british tried to limit US trade w/ france

2. resumed impressment

3. Chesapeake Affair (1807)

4. Embargo Act of 1807

Chesapeak Affair (1807)

war almost caused because British ship broadsided US Chesapeake; 3 soldiers killed, 18 wounded, 4 impressed

• Jefferson refused to declare war

Embargo Act of 1807

shut down all foreign shipping of US goods to other countries

• contributed to economic depression but prevented war, reduced impressment

Election of 1804

• Jefferson (D-R), winner

• Charles Pinckney (F), first Pres. to loose home state

Hamilton-Burr Duel (11 July 1804)

Hamilton and Burr got into a press war, so Hamilton challenges Burr to a duel to “satisfy honor”

typically, duels meant shooting at/around each other but Hamilton was shot and killed by Burr

significances of Hamilton-Burr duel

1. the VP of the US shot and killed someone

2. death of hamilton triggered death of federalist party

Election of 1808

• James Madison (D-R), winner

• Charles Pinckney (F)

uniting traits of Warhawks

• young politicians who couldn’t have participated in revolution or constitution

• looked forwards not backwards

• first generation from W of Appalachian Mountains

• wanted war w/ British

Henry Clay (Kentucky)

notable Warhawk politician nicknamed “Great Compromiser” and said to be the Jefferson/Burr of future generations who ran with set of nationalist ideals

• prevented 3 civil wars

• American System

John C. Calhoun (South Carolina)

Warhawk politician who started as a nationalist and moved to be the most vocal defender of slavery in South

causes of War of 1812

problems in the west, such as Tecumseh’s War

Tecumseh’s War (1810-1813)

Tecumseh, leader of Shawnee Nation, formed 10+ native nations alliance w/ brother Tenskwatawa, religious leader, with goal to remove whites from region and take over lost land in NW

US General William Henry Harrison

sent in as governor of Indiana and military general to deal w/ Natives, pushed for one big battle

Tecumseh’s visit to South (1811)

try to recruit natives to join war in North, put Tenskwatawa in charge with orders not to attack Harrison head on

Battle of Tippecanoe (7 November 1811)

Tenskwatawa planned ambush of Harrison but Harrison rallies troops to demolish Tensk. and Natives

• most Natives killed, Native headquarters captured

• sig: Harrison found British supplies and support for Natives

significance of Tecumseh’s War

last large-scale native conflict in US, permanently removed British influence

Creek War (1813-14)

civil war among Creek people

• Red Stick Creek supported war w/US

• Lower Creek against war w/US

Red Stick started attacking US at same time of Creek War, so US got involved, start of Andrew Jackson’s military fame

Treaty of Fort Jackson (9 August 1814)

ended creek war; entire creek people gave up 23m acres of land (Jackson didn’t care about lower creek, who allied w/US)

significance of Creek War

1. massive loss of land effects creek and all other natives in south

2. 2nd war US was fighting while also fighting British in war of 1812

3. began Andrew Jackson’s rise to fame

Election of 1812

• James Madison (D-R)

• Dewitt Clinton (Fed.)

Fed lost but changed how campaigning works through individualized/locational messages

fighting in War of 1812

• 90% small fights in woods 1812-13

• 18134, British captured and burned capitol building

Federalist Opposition to war of 1812

believed french were enemy, saw war as bad for atlantic trade

purpose of Hartford Convention (Dec 1814-Jan 1815)

Federalists met to discuss how Madison was running war, how to end war, and limit D-R power

• rumors of New England considering secession from US

• poor timing because US was trying to make treaty w/ British

Hartford Convention demands

1. repeal 3/5ths compromise

2. limit length of trade embargos

3. set one-term limit for presidents

4. president must be from different state than president before the,

5. change voting process for congress

Treaty of Ghant (24 Dec 1814)

ended war of 1812, set “status quo ante bellum” or put things same as before, british chose to pay 12m instead of returning stolen slaves

• no admissions of guilt, promises, land or money exchanged

• took one month for news to hit US

Battle of New Orleans (8 January 1815)

General Andrew Jackson led defense of New Orleans and easily defeated British

• Jackson was now very well known

Results of the War of 1812

• british gained and lost nothing

• americans gained and lost nothing

• native nations gained nothing, lost people and land

• Federalist gained a bad reputation as traitors, lost support from certain states

Significances of the War of 1812

1. final nail for Federalist party

2. considered a 2nd revolution

election of 1816

• James Monroe (D-R), won

• Rufus King (F)

election of 1820

James Monroe (D-R) vs no one

New Republicans

party led by Clay and Calhoun, former Warhawks

• younger and innovative

• ideas mirroring Hamilton’s (manufacturing, National bank, higher tarrifs)

Henry Clay’s American System

policy based around loose construction theory w/ high tariffs, internal improvements, and national bank that focused on doing more for people

Panic of 1819

economic depression after 2nd Bank of United States due to over speculation of land

• government did nothing (laissez-fair) and panic resolved itself in four years

significances of Panic of 1819

1. first major economic crisis for US
   

2. start of sectionalism in US National Politics due to how different parties reacted to crisis

Missouri Crisis (1819-1820)

Missouri Territory applied for statehood as a slave state, which would’ve upset slave v free balance, so Tallmadge proposed his amendment but it was rejectd

• opposition/support of slavery was for political reasons, not moral

• 3/5ths amendment gave slave state senate control

Missouri Compromise (1820)

• Missouri admitted as slave state w/out Tallmadge amendment

• Maine admitted as free state (maine existed already as part of massachussets)

• created 36 30 line (any new territory N of line must be slavery free)

significance of Missouri Crisis/Compromise

1. first time sates clashed over whether congress has right to restrict expansion of slavery to new territories

2. 36 30 line was seen as permanent solution to slavery question

3. showed continual influence and significance of 3/5ths

4. origin of southern sectionalism regarding slavery

Election of 1824

four D-R candidates ran, no one won majority vote (although A. Jackson had most), decision went to House of Reps→ Quincy Adams wins

Split of the D-R Party

• National Republicans (J. Quincy Adams and Henry Clay w/ American System, broke down 8 yrs later into Whig Party)

• Democrats (Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren w/ policy to stop Henry Clay)

Tallmidge Amendment (1819)

proposed change to Missouri statehood bill with goal of gradual abolition, stated:

1. No new slaves could be brought to Missouri once Missouri becomes a state

2. Any existing slave under age of 25 must be freed when they turned 25

passed house but not senate

problems with Clay’s internal improvements

1. states wanted control of projects inside their borders but wouldn’t have that if they didn’t fund them

2. strict-loose construction: const. didnt give government power for those projects

Problems of American System

1. older D-R thought it was unjust bc of strict construction view

2. more power to National government

3. mostly benefitted New England

significance of American System

1. Nationalism

2. Cohesion of Ideas

3. example of strict vs loose construction debate (view changed once in power)

4. Clay stuck to nationalist ideas which was not good for winning elections

McCullough v Maryland overview

James McCullough, a bank cashier, issued money not taxed by bank of Maryland, so Maryland sued him, case appealed to Supreme Court