HST 122 Haynes MSU

Demobilization

Reduction of US military, introduction of GI Bill, emergence of Baby Boomers

GI Bill

Law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes, receive job training, and pay for education

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

Long Telegram

Message written by Kennan to Truman advising him to contain Communist expansion. Said if the Soviets couldn't expand, their Communism would eventually fall apart, and that Communism could be beaten without going to war.

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Greek-Turkish Aid Bill

First act of congress supporting the Truman Doctrine, giving $400 million dollars of aid to Greece and Turkey to support democratic forces in order to prevent the revolutions occurring in Greece from becoming communist, which would allow the USSR to have a war-sea port on Grecian territory.

Berlin Crisis (1948-1949)

1. USSR wanted Germany to pay war reparations; deliberately undermines economy

2. US, Britain, and France agree to merge their zones to create west Germany

3. USSR blockades West Berlin, which existed completely in East Germany

4. US and Britain airlift supplies for 11 months until blockade is lifted

5. Berlin becomes symbol of American determination to fight communists

berlin airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of West Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

NATO (1949)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

soviet atomic bomb (1949)

top secret research and development program began during WWII

NSC-68

National Securtiy Council memo #68 US "strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 yrs

truman's domestic policies

-unions

-civil rights

-the fair deal

-won election of 1948

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

-right to work

-hurt labor unions

-republicans push this

desegregation of the military

in 1948 President Truman ordered desegregation of the military

the fair deal

-higher minimum wage

-expanded social security

-public housing

election of 1948

Truman pulled off a surprise victory over Dewey

national security act of 1947

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

McCarthyism/Joseph McCarthy

-publically called out people saying they were communist, even political and military leaders

-public willing to believe anything because they are scared

china's fall to communism

Country in Asia that, after a civil war, put in a Communist government under Mao Zedong after kicking out the Nationalist Party. Republicans accused Democrats of letting the Communists win (despite the Truman administration sending aid to the Nationalists)

38th Parallel

Dividing line between North and South Korea

yes

is Korea an example of containment? yes/no

election of 1952

A race between Dwight D. Eisenhower for the republicans and Adlai Stevenson for the democrats. Eisenhower won in a landslide.

Nixon

who is Eisenhower's vice pres.?

Eisenhower's background

eisenhower only involve with government militarily before presidency

eisenhower's early leadership points

-social security benefits

-rise in wages

-interstate highway system

consumer culture

TV/commercials

levittowns

Planned suburban communities of cheap, mass-produced houses built by WIlliam Levitt all over the country during the 1950's.

rock n roll in the 50s

Way for teens to rebel against conformity

-broke racial barriers

-elvis presley

role of women in the 50s

women were staying home to take care of families

the beats

critics of conformity

-jack kerouac

-allen ginsberg

eisenhower's foreign policy

-containment revised

-importance of the CIA

-limitations

john foster dulles

As Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine.

importance of CIA

-used to disrupt elections

-make sure pro communist leaders aren't elected

Iran, 1953 (coup/Mossadeq)

prime minister of Iran, Mohammad Mossadeq. US and Britain backed coup, which resulted in the Shah coming to power. The CIA officially admitted involvement in August 2013.

Guatemala, 1954 (Arbenz)

He was democratically elected but he was to socialist so we supported a dictatorship who took over.

hungary 1956

a revolt for more freedom crushed by the soviet union

suez crisis

-suez canal

-egypt gets control by taking from Britain

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam

-die hard naitonalist

indochina

a peninsula of southeastern Asia that includes Myanmar and Cambodia and Laos and Malaysia and Thailand and Vietnam

1965

officially have men on ground in Vietnam

Dien Bien Phu (1954)

A French fort in Vietnam that was massacred and destroyed by Vietnamese fighters. The fort was in the middle of a valley and the Vietnamese assembled artillery in the surrounding mountains.

geneva accords

A 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956

Ngo Dinh Diem

South Vietnam President

impact of sputnik

USSR sends up first satellite, the US starts to focus on science and math technology (starting the space race)

Castro's Cuba

castro takes control of cuba

-pro communist

U-2 Spy Plane

1960; Soviets shoot down spy plane flying over Russia; Captured American pilot Francis Gary Powers

election of 1960

Kennedy vs. Nixon, Kennedy (due to televised charisma) won over Nixon (pale and nervous)

Robert McNamara

Secretary of Defense for JFK

peace corps

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

housing assistance

A program that is available primarily from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in the form of rental subsidies or vouchers where government programs assist with rent, mortgage assistance, and low-rent public housing, and block grants are also available

Trade Expansion Act (1962)

October, 1962 - The Act gave the President the power to reduce tariffs in order to promote trade. Kennedy could lower some tariffs by as much as 50%, and, in some cases, he could eliminate them.

bay of pigs

An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Cubam Missile Crisis

1962; nuclear confrontation between U.S. And Soviet Union over nuclear missiles based 90 miles from the U.S.

assassination of JFK

November 22, 1963

-Dallas

-LynJohnson assumes presidency

LBJ's Great Society

war against poverty, education, and improving Civil Rights

LBJ's domestic policy

-economic opportunity act

-medicare and medicaid

-housing and urban development

-immigration act of 1965

Election of 1964

LBJ beat Barry Goldwater

cesar chavez

Organized Union Farm Workers (UFW); help migratory farm workers gain better pay & working conditions

tonkin gulf resolution

a resolution adopted by Congress in 1964, giving the president broad powers to wage war in Vietnam

attack on pleiku

Vietcong attack on America war base killing 9 escalating the war

operation rolling thunder

bomb north vietnam a lot and send troops on ground in south

Tet Offensive

a massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities in early 1968.

election of 1968

The election in which Nixon won against hubert humphrey; conservative republican victory; demonstrated that the majority of the American electorate turned their back on liberal reform and activist governments

My Lai Massacre

1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war.

no

does containment work in Vietnam

henry kissinger

plays role of president during nixons 2nd term because of nixon dealing with watergate

detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

-relaxing tensions with enemy

recognition of china

Nixon established a trade policy and recognized the People's Republic of China, which surprised many because China had been an enemy during the Korean and Vietnam Wars.

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)

Part of the policy of detente, attempted to reduce the weapons each country contains

watergate scandal

A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.

gerald ford

becomes president unelected after nixon

camp david accords

A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel

iran hostage crisis

In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.

neoconservatives

-push to get rid of gov assisted programs

-stronger national defense, take money and use for military

religious right

-evangelical pretestants

-traditional family values

-abortion

election of 1980

Ronald Reagan won over Jimmy Carter because of the Iranian hostage crisis and America's stagflation.

reganomics

idea: tax less, spend more

-tax cuts

-decrease in government spending

-defense spending

-decrease in union membership

-deregulation

iran contra scandal

secret attempt to help the anti communist group "contras" who are Nicaragua exiles

scandinistas

pro communist group in nicaragua

mikhail gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty

destroy intermediate range missiles both the U.S. and soviet union

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid by Truman to aid reconstruction of Europe post-WWII by transferring $13.3 billion to help.

Truman's foreign policy

Containment- The U.S foreign policy that sought to prevent communism from spreading. With the ------ Doctrine, President ----- established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces.

Result of Korean War

Cease-fire (still in existence today) reached in 1953 and the border was restored at the 38th parallel. The two Koreas have developed their own states under different forms of government in the postwar recovery and modernization years. South Korea has adopted democracy and capitalism while North Korea remains one of the most stringent and isolated communist states in the world today.

Eisenhower's foreign policy

Domino Theory- If vietnam fell to communism, all of Southeast Asia would too. -------- administration, from 1953 to 1961, focused on the Cold War with the Soviet Union and its satellites. The United States built up a stockpile of nuclear weapons and nuclear delivery systems to deter military threats and save money while cutting back on expensive Army combat units.

Bay of Pigs

An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro. Kennedy took responsibility.

Cuban Missle Crisis

The Soviet Union was secretly building nuclear missile launch sites in ----, which could have been used for a sneak-attack on the U.S. The U.S. blockaded ----- until the U.S.S.R. agreed to dismantle the missile silos.

Brown v Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Birmingham Riot

1963--conflict between peaceful protesting students and the ------- police; the conflict brought national attention to the civil rights movement as JFK realized that if nothing was done, the black community would turn to militancy and the event reflected poorly internationally.

1960s Liberalism

A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity.

1960s Conservatism

libertarian and Christian values. Less government interference, and traditional views socially and politically

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable

Diem

Leader of South Vietnam, 1954-1963; supported by United States, but not by Vietnamese Buddhist majority; assassinated in 1963

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit US troops to south vietnam and fight a war against north Vietnam

Goal of the U.S. in the Vietnam War

Preventing communist domination of south-east asia

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

Pentagon Papers

A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War.

Watergate

The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment.