Gen Chem 2 Final Vocab

ATM

atmosphere

atomic size

increases from top to bottom within a group and decreases from left to right across a period.

Avogadro's Law

V1/n1=V2/n2

barometer

An instrument that measures atmospheric pressure

bent

VESPR shape, 2 things bound 2 lone pairs (109.5 AND 120)

Boyle's Law

P1V1=P2V2

buffer

solution that stops the PH from changing made from a weak acid and it's conjugate base

calorie

Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C

Charles's Law

V1/T1=V2/T2

combined gas law

P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2

conjugate acid

an acid that forms when a base gains a proton (on the right side)

conjugate base

a base that forms when an acid loses a proton (on the right side)

core electrons

The electrons that are not in the outermost shell of an atom.

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3...

dipole moment

shows the direction of electronegativity within a bond

diprotic

an acid that can donate two protons

electron configuration

the arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom (1s^2, 2s^2, 2p^6...)

Electronegativity

a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons (highest is fluorine)

Gay-Lussac's Law

P1/T1=P2/T2

heterogeneous equilibrium

liquid or solid is present in the equilibrium

homogeneous equilibrium

all things in the equilibrium are gaseous or aqueous

hydrogen ions

H+, can be produced when acids are dissolved in solution

hydroxide ions

OH-; can be produced when bases are dissolved in solution

ideal gas law

PV=nRT

ionization energy

The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom

joule

A unit of work equal to one newton-meter

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)

volume decreases, more molecules collide with the walls of the container causing the pressure to increase

Lewis dot Structure

diagram of a molecule using dots to represent valence electrons (shows shared pairs and lone pairs)

linear

VESPR shape, 2 things bound and no lone pair (180)

mmHg

millimeters of mercury (atmoshperic pressure 760= 1 ATM)

molar volume

the volume occupied by one mole of a substance at STP (22.4 L)

molarity

moles of solute/liters of solution

monoprotic

an acid that can donate only one proton (H+ ion) per molecule (e.g., HCl)

normality

concentration (equivalents/liter)

orbital diagram

pictorial descriptions of the electrons in an atom (spin diagram with arrows)

resonance

multiple Lewis dot structures are accurate ( <-> )

saturated

full of solute

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)

0 degrees Celsius and 1 atm

supersaturated

unstable, extra solute

tetrahedral

VESPR shape, 4 things bound (109.5)

torr

1 mmHg

trigonal planar

VESPR shape, 3 things bound no lone pairs (120)

trigonal pyramid

VESPR shape, 3 bonds, 1 lone pair (109.5)

triprotic

acid that can donate three protons (H⁺ ions) per molecule (e.g., H3PO4)

unsaturated

less solute than solvent

valence electrons

Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom, can be determined by the s and p orbitals

VESPR theory

describes the shape of a molecule