OSU Anatomy: The special sense organs

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Last updated 5:43 PM on 3/24/26

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45 Terms

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what are the three tunics of the eye

fibrous tunic
- structural support
vascular
- arteries and veins
sensory
- retina

<ul><li><p>fibrous tunic</p><ul><li><p>structural support</p></li></ul></li><li><p>vascular</p><ul><li><p>arteries and veins</p></li></ul></li><li><p>sensory</p><ul><li><p>retina</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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the fibrous tunic is composed of

sclera
cornea

<ul><li><p>sclera</p></li><li><p>cornea </p></li></ul><p></p>

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describe the cornea

transparent dome layer of the eye that covers the iris and pupil

<ul><li><p><span>transparent dome layer of the eye that covers the iris and pupil</span></p></li></ul><p></p>

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describe the sclera

the whites of the eyes muscles attach here

<ul><li><p><span>the whites of the eyes muscles attach here</span></p></li></ul><p></p>

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describe the vascular tunic

iris
pupil
ciliary body
choroid

<ul><li><p>iris</p></li><li><p>pupil</p></li><li><p>ciliary body</p></li><li><p>choroid</p></li></ul><p></p>

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describe the iris

the colored portion of the eye
controls the size of the pupil

<ul><li><p>the colored portion of the eye</p></li><li><p>controls the size of the pupil</p></li></ul><p></p>

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describe the pupil

light travels through here to retina via lens

<ul><li><p>light travels through here to retina via lens</p></li></ul><p></p>

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describe the ciliary body

controls shape of the lens of the eye (near vs far vision)

<ul><li><p>controls shape of the lens of the eye (near vs far vision)</p></li></ul><p></p>

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describe the choroid

middle layer of the eyeballs wall that supplies blood

<ul><li><p>middle layer of the eyeballs wall that supplies blood</p></li></ul><p></p>

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describe the retina

contains photoreceptors that turn light information into neural information

<ul><li><p>contains photoreceptors that turn light information into neural information</p></li></ul><p></p>

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describe the pathway of visual information in the retina

light travels to photoreceptors
- pass to bipolar cells via horizontal cells
  - pass to ganglion cells via amacrine cells
    - axons of ganglion cells form optic nerve

<ul><li><p>light travels to <strong>photoreceptors </strong></p><ul><li><p>pass to <strong>bipolar cells </strong>via horizontal cells</p><ul><li><p>pass to <strong>ganglion cells</strong> via amacrine cells</p><ul><li><p>axons of ganglion cells form <strong>optic nerve</strong></p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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what are the two types of photoreceptors and specialization

rods
- dark vision
cones
- colored vision

<ul><li><p>rods</p><ul><li><p>dark vision </p></li></ul></li><li><p>cones</p><ul><li><p>colored vision</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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the collection of axons formed from ganglion cells form the…

optic nerve

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describe the anterior chamber of the eye

space between the the cornea and the lens filled with aqueous humor

<p>space <span>between</span> <span>the</span> <span>the</span> <span>cornea</span> <span>and</span> <span>th</span>e <span>lens</span> <span>fill</span>e<span>d</span> <span>with</span> <span>aqueous</span> <span>humor</span></p><p></p><p></p>

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describe the posterior chamber

the largest space right behind the lens
- filled with vitreous humor
- gives shape and support to eyeball
- produced only during embryonic development

<ul><li><p>the largest space right behind the lens</p><ul><li><p>filled with vitreous humor</p></li><li><p>gives shape and support to eyeball</p></li><li><p>produced only during embryonic development</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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describe this

this is the lacrimal gland

produces lacrimal fluid (tears)
fluid travels medially and into the nasolacrimal duct

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where does lacrimal fluid drain into

nasolacrimal duct

<ul><li><p>nasolacrimal duct</p></li></ul><p></p>

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draw out the visual field pathway

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each optic nerve contains ____ of each visual field information

half

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when the optic nerves cross over, that is the…

optic chiasm
- temporal visual field information crosses over

<ul><li><p>optic chiasm </p><ul><li><p>temporal visual field information crosses over</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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damage to the optic chiasm will mean a loss to…

peripheral vision
- temporal visual field information is damaged

<ul><li><p>peripheral vision </p><ul><li><p>temporal visual field information is damaged</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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optic tracts will contain the ___ visual field information

opposite

<ul><li><p>opposite</p></li></ul><p></p><p></p>

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where do fibers in the optic tract synapse then?

relayed to the thalamus
received to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobes

<ul><li><p>relayed to the <strong>thalamus</strong></p></li><li><p>received to the<strong> primary visual cortex</strong> in the <strong>occipital lobes</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>

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what is the origin and insertion of the extrinsic muscles of the eye

origin
- surface of orbit
insertion
- sclera

<ul><li><p>origin</p><ul><li><p>surface of orbit</p></li></ul></li><li><p>insertion</p><ul><li><p>sclera </p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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what is this

superior rectus
- elevation of the gaze
  - innervated by oculomotor nerve (CN 3)

<ul><li><p><strong>superior rectus</strong></p><ul><li><p>elevation of the gaze</p><ul><li><p>innervated by oculomotor nerve (CN 3)</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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what is this

inferior rectus
- depression of the gaze
  - innervated by oculomotor nerve (CN 3)

<ul><li><p><strong>inferior rectus</strong></p><ul><li><p>depression of the gaze</p><ul><li><p>innervated by oculomotor nerve (CN 3)</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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what is this

medial rectus
- adduction of the gaze
  - innervated by oculomotor nerve (CN 3)

<ul><li><p><strong>medial rectus</strong></p><ul><li><p>adduction of the gaze</p><ul><li><p>innervated by oculomotor nerve (CN 3)</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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what is this

lateral rectus
- abduction of the gaze
  - innervated by abducens nerve (CN 6)

<ul><li><p><strong>lateral rectus</strong></p><ul><li><p>abduction of the gaze</p><ul><li><p>innervated by abducens nerve (CN 6)</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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What is this

superior oblique
- depression and abduction of the gaze
  - trochlear nerve (CN 4)

<ul><li><p>superior oblique </p><ul><li><p>depression and abduction of the gaze</p><ul><li><p>trochlear nerve (CN 4)</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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What is this

inferior oblique
- elevation and abduction of the gaze
  - oculomotor nerve (CN 3)

<ul><li><p><strong>inferior oblique </strong></p><ul><li><p>elevation and abduction of the gaze</p><ul><li><p>oculomotor nerve (CN 3)</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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what are the two cell types of the papillae

gustatory cells
- taste cells carrying information
basal cells
- give rise to new taste cells

<ul><li><p><strong>gustatory cells </strong></p><ul><li><p>taste cells carrying information</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>basal cells </strong></p><ul><li><p>give rise to new taste cells </p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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the anterior 2/3rd portion of the tongue is innervated by the….

sensory for taste
- facial nerve
general sensory (touch and pressure)
- mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN 5.3)

<ul><li><p>sensory for taste</p><ul><li><p><strong>facial nerve</strong></p></li></ul></li><li><p>general sensory (touch and pressure)</p><ul><li><p><strong>mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN 5.3)</strong></p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p><p></p>

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the posterior 1/3rd portion of the tongue is innervated by the….

sensory for taste and general sensory
- glossopharyngeal nerve (CN 9)

<ul><li><p>sensory for taste and general sensory</p><ul><li><p><strong>glossopharyngeal nerve (CN 9)</strong></p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

styloglossus
hypoglossus
genioglossus

<ul><li><p>styloglossus</p></li><li><p>hypoglossus</p></li><li><p>genioglossus</p></li></ul><p></p>

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what is this muscle

styloglossus m.
- attached to styloid process
- elevates and retracts the tongue
  - innervated by the hypoglossal nerve

<ul><li><p><strong><u>styloglossus m.</u></strong></p><ul><li><p>attached to styloid process</p></li><li><p>elevates and retracts the tongue</p><ul><li><p><em>innervated by the hypoglossal nerve </em></p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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what is this muscle

hyoglossus muscle
- attached to hyoid bone
- depresses and retracts the tongue
  - innervated by the hypoglossal nerve

<ul><li><p><strong><u>hyoglossus muscle</u></strong></p><ul><li><p>attached to hyoid bone</p></li><li><p>depresses and retracts the tongue</p><ul><li><p><em>innervated by the hypoglossal nerve </em></p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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what is this

genioglossus m.
- protraction of the tongue

<ul><li><p>genioglossus m.</p><ul><li><p> protraction of the tongue</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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describe the olfactory sensory pathway

odor is first detected by dendritic end of neuron
carried up to the axon of the receptor
runs through the cribriform foramina
synapses on mitral cells on the olfactory bulb
goes through the olfactory tract

<ul><li><p>odor is first detected by dendritic end of neuron </p></li><li><p>carried up to the axon of the receptor</p></li><li><p>runs through the cribriform foramina </p></li><li><p>synapses on mitral cells on the olfactory bulb</p></li><li><p>goes through the olfactory tract</p></li></ul><p></p>

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the axons of the olfactory receptor cells synapse to form the _______ and the axons of the mitral cells synapse to form the __________

the axons of the olfactory receptor cells synapse to form the olfactory nerve and the axons of the mitral cells synapse to form the olfactory tract

<p>the <em>axons </em>of the<strong> olfactory receptor cells </strong>synapse to form the <span style="color: red;"><strong>olfactory nerve </strong></span>and the <em>axons </em>of the <strong>mitral cells</strong> synapse to form the <span style="color: blue;"><strong>olfactory tract</strong></span></p>

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describe the olfactory pathway in the brain

skips the thalamus and goes directly to primary olfactory cortex in temporal lobe
- or through the subcortical route to elicit emotion and memory

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describe the external parts of the ear

auricle
- localized soundwaves to enter the ear
external auditory canal
tympanic membrane
- ear drum

<ul><li><p>auricle</p><ul><li><p>localized soundwaves to enter the ear</p></li></ul></li><li><p>external auditory canal</p></li><li><p>tympanic membrane</p><ul><li><p>ear drum</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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describe the middle parts of the ear

auditory ossicle bones
- malleus
- incus
- stapes
pharyngotympanic tube

<ul><li><p>auditory ossicle bones</p><ul><li><p>malleus </p></li><li><p>incus</p></li><li><p>stapes</p></li></ul></li><li><p>pharyngotympanic tube</p></li></ul><p></p>

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describe the inner parts of the ear

oval window
cochlea
- sensory receptors for hearing
semi-circular canals
- balance and equilibrium
round window
- release of pressure

<ul><li><p>oval window</p></li><li><p>cochlea</p><ul><li><p>sensory receptors for hearing</p></li></ul></li><li><p>semi-circular canals</p><ul><li><p>balance and equilibrium</p></li></ul></li><li><p>round window </p><ul><li><p>release of pressure</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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sensory receptors from the cochlear nerve carry information to ________ and receptors from semicircular canals carry information to the ________

sensory receptors from the cochlear nerve carry information to cochlear nerve and receptors from semicircular canals carry information to the vestibular nerve

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the cochlear and vestibular nerves combine to form the __________

the cochlear and vestibular nerves combine to form the vestibulocochlear nerve