Ch 15. - Health, Wellness, & Developmental Psychopathology

Mortality

another term for a person's susceptibility to death

Average Life Expectancy

number of years the average newborn in a particular population group is likely to live

Maximum Life Expectancy

oldest possible age to which members of a species can live under ideal circumstances

Morbidity

illness/disease, which can be acute or chronic, physical or psychological

Comorbid

refers to the presence of two or more unrelated disease conditions at the same time in the same person

Death Rate

the number of deaths in a population over a given period of time, relative to the population size

Disability

physical, mental, or emotional impairment that makes one or more major life activity difficult or impossible

Universal Design

creation of settings and equipment that can be used by everyone, whether or not they are able-bodied and sensory-acute

Well-being

feeling of happiness and health that makes life satisfying

Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)

number that indicates how many years of total well-being are lost because of a disability

Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs)

number that indicates quality years added because of a full life

Psychopathology

illnesses that primarily affect the mind and behavior, not the physical body

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

book by hundreds of U.S. psychiatrists to name and diagnose psychological disorders (revised about every 12 years)

Developmental Psychopathology

perspective on psychological disorders that reflects changes as people grow older (ex. childhood experiences can cause or mitigate mental disorders)

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

developmental disorder marked by difficulty with social communication and interaction (including difficulty seeing things from another pov), and restricted repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive/impulsive behaviors; interferes with a person's functioning or development

Specific Learning Disorders

marked deficit in a particular area of learning not caused by an apparent physical disability, by an intellectual disability, or by an usually stressful home environment

Dyslexia

unusual difficulty with reading; thought to be the result of some neurological underdevelopment

Dyscalculia

unusual difficulty with math, probably originating from a distinct part of the brain

Conduct Disorder

person has great difficulty following social norms; is destructive, deliberately aggressive, calculating, and/or cruel

Opposition Defiant Disorder (ODD)

child refuses to comply with rules; quick to get angry at every request

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

deep and long-lasting (2+ weeks) depression, with problems with mood, sleep, appetite, etc.

Suicidal Ideation

thinking about suicide, usually with some serious emotional and intellectual or cognitive overtones

Parasuicide

potentially lethal action against the self that does not result in death (attempted/failed suicide)

Social Anxiety Disorder

fear of social situations, especially when other people might judge one negatively

Hikikomori

"pull away" - anxiety disorder in which a person refuses to leave their room

Substance Use Disorder (SUD)

pattern of maladaptive behavior resulting from repeated use os a substance, often to the point of tolerance to the substance and withdrawal reactions

Examples of Neurocognitive Disorders

Delirium, Dementia

Medical Model

considers mental illness as similar to physical illness, with definite signs, diagnoses, and cures

Limitations of the Medical Model

Reductionism (overlooks social, cultural, environmental factors), Limited Focus on Treatment, emphasis on biological treatments over holistic approaches

Neurodiversity

idea that each person has neurological strengths and weaknesses that should be appreciated

Ageism

discrimination, prejudice, and stereotyping of people based on their age

Selective Optimization with Compensation

people try to maintenance balance in their lives by looking for the best way to compensate for physical and cognitive losses and to become more proficient in activities they can already do well

Immunization

process that stimulates the body's immune system; causes production of antibodies to defend against attack by a particular contagious disease

Herd Immunity

when a sufficient proportion of a population is immune to an infectious disease to make its spread from person to person unlikely

Explain a problem with lead and human well-being.

Lead poisoning (plumbism) symptoms include intellectual disability, hyperactivity, and even death (70 micrograms per deciliter of blood)