Neuro + Neuro Key Terms

prolactin causes you to produce

breast milk

CNS components

brain and spinal cord

PNS neurons components

motor and sensory

neurological system three functions

movement, sensation, cognition

motor neurons two systems

somatic and autonomic

somatic nervous system controls

voluntary movements

autonomic nervous system controls

involuntary responses

sympathetic/parasympathetic divisions are part of somatic or autonomic?

autonomic

neurons three functions

1. generate action potentials

2. transmitter cells

3. carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord

glial cells two functions

1. support and protect neurons

2. produce cerebral spinal fluid

glial cells do not generate action potentials but

have a resting potential

CNS four types of cells

1. astrocytes

2. microglia

3. oligodendroglia

4. ependymal cells

PNS two types of cells

1. Schwann cells

2. satellite cells

electrical impulses

info passed between neurons by chemicals

electrical impulses can be

excitatory or inhibitory

how do electrical impulses get transmitted?

along the axons, electrically

neurons can synapse with (3)

neurons, muscle, glands

synaptic transmission

a small burst of neurotransmitters is released, stimulating or inhibiting action potentials

neurotransmitters are either reabsorbed, destroyed by enzymes, or

recycled for the next transmission

what is the neurotransmitter in the neuromuscular junction?

acetylcholine

what is the immune system of the brain?

the microglia

astrocytes

form blood brain barrier, provide structural and metabolic support in CNS

microglia

phagocytic cells that ingest and break down waste products and pathogens in the CNS

oligodendroglia

produce myelin in the CNS

ependymal cells

produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid in CNS

Schwann cells

produce myelin in the PNS

satellite cells

protect neuron cell bodies in PNS

myelin speeds up

nerve conduction

dopamine promotes

smooth, coordinated muscle movement

norepinephrine and epinephrine

stimulate adrenergic receptors in sympathetic nervous system (alpha 1&2; beta 1, 2, and 3)

how many ventricles are in the brain?

four ventricles

glutamate is what type of transmitter?

excitatory

norepinephrine is what type of transmitter?

norepinephrine

serotonin regulates ______ and inhibits ______

pain

acetylcholine stimulates

cholinergic receptors in PNS

GABA/glutamate is involved in

addiction

what is responsible for runner's high?

endorphins/enkephalins

what is responsible for pain transmission?

substance P

what regulates sleep?

melatonin

myelin increases the speed of

conductions in large axons

myelin is a

lipoprotein

do neurons have the ability to divide?

no

can neurons lost due to aging or injury be replaced?

no

what is it called when undamaged neurons in the brain assume the functions of damaged neurons?

plasticity

neurons require

constant oxygen and glucose supply

neurons are extremely vulnerable to

hypoxia and hypoglycemia

can severed peripheral nerves regenerate?

yes

can severed brain and spinal cord axons regenerate?

no, resulting in paralysis and loss of sensation below the area of damage

CNS components

brain and spinal cord

most individuals with damage to the left hemisphere develop

aphasia (a disorder that makes it difficult to speak or understand language)

brainstems controls

vital functions

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

what percentage of nerve fibers are contralateral?

80%

what percentage of nerve fibers are ipsilateral?

20%

which statements about the role of supporting cells in the neurological system are correct?

1. oligogendroglia provide insulation and protection

2. microglia provide a type of immune system to the CNS which is most active at night

2. Schwann cells are responsible for the myelin layer that surrounds the peripheral nerves in our bodies

cerebrospinal fluid is formed within the

lateral ventricles of the brain (ependymal cells)

four lobes of the brain

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

stroke interrupts

blood flow

the cerebrum includes the

four lobes

diencephalon includes the

thalamus and the hypothalamus

cerebellum functions

balance and coordination

brain stem parts

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

frontal lobe is responsible for (7)

1. voluntary movements

2. memory

3. emotion

4. social judgment

5. decision making

6. reasoning

7. aggression

parietal lobe is responsible for (2)

1. receiving and interpreting bodily sensations

2. proprioception

temporal lobe is responsible for (6)

1. hearing

2. smelling

3. learning

4. memory

5. emotional behavior

6. visual recognition

aphasia

a disorder that makes it difficult to speak or understand language

when does aphasia usually result?

after a stroke

occipital lobe is also known as the

visual center

three meningeal membrane layers

1. the dura mater

2. arachnoid mater

3. pia mater

meninges

layers of membranes that envelop and protect the CNS

between the skull bone and the dura mater is the

epidural space

between the dura mater is the

subdural space

hemiplegia

paralysis of one side of the body

between the arachnoid membrane is the

subarachnoid space

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

what runs very close to the skull bone above the dura mater?

middle meningeal artery

what would happen if you had pressure/thinning of myelin layer on the optic nerve?

loss of vision

the thalamus helps

impulses reach their destination in the brain

in skull fracture, what commonly ruptures and causes an epidural hematoma?

middle meningeal artery

dura mater

thick, outermost layer of the meninges lining the skull

arachnoid mater

weblike middle layer of meninges that contains blood vessels

pia mater

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges that covers the brain

epidural space

outside dura

subdural space

between dura and arachnoid

subarachnoid space

deep to arachnoid, filled with CSF

where is CSF made?

choroid plexuses (roots of ventricles)

CSF functions

1. filtration of plasma from capillaries through ependymal cells (electrolytes, glucose)

2. cushions and nourishes brain

CSF is useful for diagnosing

meningitis, bleeds, MS

hydrocephalus

excessive accumulation of CSF

which best describes the pathway of circulation of cerebrospinal fluid?

lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle

CSF circulates around the

brain and the spinal cord

CSF pathway

1. choroid plexus epithelium

2. lateral ventricle

3. third ventricle

4. fourth ventricle

5. subarachnoid space

6. arachnoid villi

7. heart

mean arterial pressure equals

diastolic pressure + 1/3 (systolic BP - diastolic BP)

MAP equals

DP + 1/3 (SP - DP)

cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) equals

MAP - ICP

CPP optimal range

70-90 mmHg

intracranial pressure normal range

0-15cm H2O

MAP normal range

70-90 mmHg

blood supply to the brain is supplied by

the internal carotid and vertebral arteries