Exam 2 (Ch 20-23)

Lymphatic system

What system picks up fluid lost by the blood capillaries?

Lymph vessels, lymph, and lymph nodes

What are the 3 components that make up the lymphatic system?

It is returned to circulation

What happens to the fluid that is picked up by the lymph capillaries?

Lymphoid organs

What organs provide structural basis for the immune system?

Monitor body for infection

What do the lymphoid organs monitor in the body?

Phagocytic cells and lymphocytes

What types of cells do the lymphoid organs house?

Lymphatic vessels

What picks up interstitial fluid containing proteins that aren't reabsorbed by blood capillaries?

Lymph

Once interstitial fluid enters the lymph vessels what is it called?

Toward the heart

What direction do lymph vessels only move fluid?

Lymph capillaries

Which vessels are blind ended and weave through capillary beds?

Loosely aggregated cells in walls and anchoring filaments

What 2 things make lymph capillaries highly permeable?

Walls open easily

What is caused when an increase in interstitial fluid pulls on anchoring filaments in lymph capillaries?

Yes

Do lymph capillaries allow the intake of large proteins?

Become more permeable

What happens to lymph capillaries during illness/infection?

Lymph nodes

Where are pathogens taken to be destroyed by the immune system?

Lacteals

What are the specialized lymph capillaries for movement of fats from small intestine to bloodstream?

Collecting lymphatic vessels, Lymphatic trunks, and Lymphatic ducts

In order, through what vessels do lymph capillaries drain into?

Superficial veins

In the skin, what vessels do the collecting lymphatic vessels travel with?

Deep arteries

In the trunk, what vessels do the collecting lymphatic vessels travel with?

Lymphatic trunks

What are the drainage areas that result from collecting vessels uniting?

Lumbar trunk (2)

What trunk drains the lower extremities (legs) and how many?

Bronchomediastinal trunk (2)

What trunk drains the thorax and how many?

Subclavian trunk (2)

What trunk drains the upper extremities (arms) and superficial thoracic wall and how many?

Jugular trunk (2)

What trunk drains the head and neck and how many?

Intestinal trunk (1)

What trunk drains the digestive organs and how many?

Lymphatic ducts

What structures do the lymphatic trunks drain into?

Junction at internal jugular and subclavian veins

Where do both lymphatic ducts empty into?

Right side

Which side of veins does the right lymphatic duct empty into?

Left side

Which side of veins does the thoracic duct empty into?

Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

What are the 2 lymphatic ducts?

Right lymphatic duct

What duct drains lymph from just the top right quadrant of the body?

Thoracic duct

What duct drains lymph from the upper left and bottom 2 quadrants, as well as the intestine?

Cisterna chyli

Where does the draining into the thoracic duct usually begin?

1) Smooth muscle in larger vessel walls

2) Valves and respiratory pump

3) Pulsatile nature of nearby arteries

4) Physical movement

What are the 4 solutions to pushing lymph through vessels and back into circulation?

Severe localized edema

What happens if lymph vessels/nodes are blocked or removed?

Lymphocytes

What are the immune system defense cells that produce antibodies that protects body from ‘non-self’ antigens?

B lymphocytes (B cell)

What lymphocyte when activated leads to release of antibodies into blood?

Helper T cell, Killer T cell, and Regulatory T cell

What are the 3 types of T lymphocytes (T cells)?

Activate/manage, kill, and regulate/mediate

What are the functions of helper, killer, and regulator T cells?

Macrophages

What are the immune system defense cells that phagocytize large, foreign substances & help activate T cells?

Dendritic cells

What immune system defense cells escort “red flagged’ cells back to lymph nodes?

Immune cells know what to destroy

Why do dendritic cells put flagged cells on display?

Reticular cells

What immune system supporting cells produce stroma?

Support cell types in lymphoid tissue

What do stroma do in the immune system?

House lymphocytes allowing proliferation and provide surveillance point

What are the two functions of Lymphoid tissues?

Reticular connective tissue, thymus

What are most lymphoid tissues made of, and except for which organ?

Good patrol for foreign bodies

What is the purpose of Lymphocytes regularly circulating through blood vessels, lymphoid
tissue, & loose connective tissue?

Diffuse lymphoid tissue and lymphoid nodules

What are the two types of lymphoid tissue?

Diffuse lymphoid tissue (loose) and Lymphoid nodules (tight)

Which type of lymphoid tissue has loose aggregation of cells and reticular fibers and which don’t?

Most organs and mucous membranes

Where is diffuse lymphoid tissue found in the body, and where are the larger collections found?

Larger lymphoid organs, lymph nodes

Where are lymphoid nodules found in the body, and especially where?

Germinal centers

In lymphoid nodules, what are the areas of proliferating B cells called?

Red bone marrow and thymus

What are the 2 primary lymphoid organs?

B cells mature in Bone Marrow, T cells mature in Thymus

What is the function of Bone marrow and Thymus?

Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosa associate lymphoid tissue (MALT)

What organs make up the secondary lymphoid organs?

Primary lymphoid organs

What type of organs do B and T cells mature in?

Seconday lymphoid organs

What type of organs do mature lymphocytes first encounter antigens and become activated in?

Axillary, cervical, and inguinal

What 3 regions do lymph nodes form clusters?

Lymph node clusters

What are areas where large numbers of collecting lymph vessels converge and form lymphatic trunks?

Activating immune system and cleanses lymph via filtration

What are the 2 main functions of lymph nodes?

Dendrites put antigens on display

How are T cells activated in the lymph nodes?

Macrophages

What cleanses the lymph of microorganisms and other particles in the lymph nodes before entering circulation?

Bean shaped and dense fibrous capsule

What shape are lymph nodes, and what are they surrounded by?

Cortex outer and Medulla inner

What are the 2 compartments in lymph nodes called and their location?

Follicles dividing B cells and General moving T cells

What cells are found in the Cortex (Follicles vs general)?

Both T and B cells

What cells are found in the Medulla?

Lymph sinus

What are sites in lymph nodes called where macrophages reside?

Afferent lymphatic vessels

What vessels bring lymph into the node?

Efferent lymph vessesl

What vessels allow lymph to leave the node?

More afferent lymphatic vessels, allows time to cleanse and survery

How does lymph remain in the node slightly longer and what is the benefit?

Lymphadenopathy

What is it called when nodes are blocked and overwhelmed by infection becoming swollen with pus and require antibiotics

Secondary cancer sites

What is it called when metastasizing cancer cells break from the tumor and get stuck in nodes, becoming swollen?

Infection is painful and cancer is not

What is the difference between lymphadenopathy and secondary cancer sites?

The Spleen and cleansing blood (removing old RBCs, plateletes, and microbes)

What is the largest lymphoid organ that is well vascularized, and what is its primary function?

Recycles using liver and stores iron

What does the spleen do with old RBCs?

Plateletes and monocytes

Aside from recycling RBCs what else does the spleen store?

Red pulp recycle center and White pulp immune function

What are the 2 components of the spleen and their function?

Red pulp

What part of the spleen contains erythrocyte and pathogen destruction, packed with RBCs and macrophages?

White pulp

What part of the spleen contains mostly lymphocytes on reticular fibers?

Yes if severe, bone marrow and liver take over

Can you bleed to death if the spleen ruptures and what happens if it does?

20%

What percent of people have a secondary spleen?

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues and in mucous membranes

What is MALT and where is it specifically found?

Prevent pathogen entry in easy points of the body

What is the purpose of MALT?

Tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and Appendix

What are the 3 locations where MALT is located?

Entrance to pharynx and fight infection in the mouth

What is the location and purpose of the Tonsils?

Palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, adenoids, tubal tonsils

What are the 4 types of tonsils?

Palatine tonsils

What is the largest and most likely to be infected tonsil?

Lymphoid follicles at base of tongue

Describe the lingual tonsils and location

In posterior wall of nasopharynx and pharyngeal tonsils

Where are the Adenoids located and what are they also called?

Surround opening of auditory tubes into pharynx

Where are the tubal tonsils located?

Peyer’s Patches

What organ is made of aggregated lymphoid nodules that are structurally similar to tonsils?

Wall of the ileum of the small intestine

Where can the Peyer’s Patches be found?

Appendix

What organ is a high concentration of lymphoid follicles?

Peyer’s Patches and Appendix

What organs prevent invasion of bacteria/pathogens at the small intestine & generate “memory” lymphocytes?

The Thymus

What organ is the site of T cell maturation, and the reason they're able to defend?

Infancy

When is the thymus large and most active, and when does atrophy begin?

Yes, fibrous and fatty tissue

Will thymus put out immune cells at old age and what is it made of?