Geography

Key terms for Y9

Annex

Incorporate or seize territory

Civil War

Conflict within a country between organised groups

Conflict

Serious disagreement or argument

Contemporary

Modern or current

Corruption

Abuse of power for personal gain

Deep Blue Project

Context-dependent, unclear

European Union

Political and economic union of European countries

Famine

Extreme scarcity of food

Hard Power

Influence through military or economic means

Infrastructure

Basic physical and organisational structures

Maritime

Related to the sea

Maritime Domain Awareness for Trade

Monitoring maritime activities for trade

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (A North Atlantic military alliance)

Petro-Piracy

Illegal theft of petroleum

Piracy

Robbery or violence at sea

Proxy War

Conflict fought by third parties

Ransom

Payment for release of a captive

Sanctions

Measures to pressure a change in behaviour from a specific country

Soft Power

Influence through diplomacy and culture

United Nations

International peacekeeping organisation

Visa

Official permit for entry into a country

Water Security

Reliable availability of water

Weak States

Countries lacking governance capacity

Ice Sheet

Large mass of glacial ice covering land

Invasive Species

Non-native species that disrupt ecosystems

Ocean Acidification

Increase in acidity of the ocean due to absorption of carbon dioxide

Pack Ice

Floating mass of sea ice

Abuse

Improper or harmful treatment

Crime

Illegal activity

Temporal

Related to time or timing

Neglect

Failure to provide proper care or attention

Open Source Data

Data available to the public for free

Poverty

State of being extremely poor

Self-esteem

Confidence in one's own worth or abilities

Spatial

Related to space or physical location

GIS

Geographic Information System, used to create / analyse maps

Alpine Glacier

Glacier formed in mountainous regions

Arête

Narrow ridge between two glacial valleys

Continental Ice Sheet

Massive ice sheet covering a large area of landmass

Corrie

Bowl-shaped depression carved by glacier

Crevasse

Deep crack or fissure in glacier ice

Drumlin

Smooth, elongated hill formed by glacial deposition

Erratics

Large rocks transported and deposited by glaciers

Glacial

Relating to or caused by glaciers

Glacial Tilt

Unsorted sediment deposited by melting glacier

Glacier

Large mass of ice flowing slowly over land

Glaciologist

Scientist who studies glaciers and glacial phenomena

Hanging Valley

Tributary valley higher than the main glacier valley

Ice Age

Period of geological time characterised by ice sheets

Interlocking Spurs

Ridge extending into a U-shaped valley

Krill

Small crustaceans, important food source in Antarctic ecosystems

Latitude

Angular distance north or south of the equator

Oil

Fossil fuel extracted from beneath the Earth's surface

Pollution

Introduction of harmful contaminants into the environment

Interglacial

Period between ice ages when temperatures are warmer

Lateral Moraine

Ridge of glacial debris along the sides of a glacier

Medial Moraine

Ridge of glacial debris formed when two glaciers merge

Meltwater

Water produced by melting ice

Moraine

Accumulation of glacial debris deposited by a glacier

Outwash Plains

Flat area of sediment deposited by meltwater streams

Plucking

Erosion process where glacier removes rock fragments

Pyramidal Peak

Glacially carved peak with steep sides

Snout

Front end of a glacier where ice meets warmer air

Striations

Scratches or grooves on rock surfaces caused by glaciers

Tarn

Small mountain lake formed in a cirque

Terminal Moraine

Ridge of debris deposited at the furthest extent of a glacier's advance

Tourism

Industry related to travel for leisure or recreation

Truncated Spurs

Cliff-like ridges formed by glacial erosion

U-Shaped Valley

Valley with a characteristic U-shaped cross-section

V-Shaped Valley

Valley with a characteristic V-shaped cross-section

Zone of Ablation

Area of glacier where ice is lost through melting and sublimation

Zone of Accumulation

Area of glacier where snowfall exceeds melting

Adaptations

Traits or behaviours developed to survive in a particular environment

Altitude

Height above sea level

Climate Change

Long-term alteration of temperature and weather patterns

Climate Graph

Graphical representation of climate data

Ice Core

Cylindrical sample of ice drilled from a glacier

Longitude

Angular distance east or west of the prime meridian

Minerals

Naturally occurring inorganic substances with economic value

Overfishing

Harvesting fish at a rate faster than they can reproduce

Continental Drift

Movement of continents over geological time