EGH438 - Biomaterials Sustainability

Flashcards about Biomaterials Sustainability

What is a linear economy?

Mining raw materials, processing into a product, and discarding after use without considering ecological impact.

What is sustainability?

The balanced integration of economic performance, social inclusiveness, and environmental resilience for current and future generations.

What is circular economy?

A regenerative system that minimizes resource input, waste, emission, and energy leakage by slowing, closing, and narrowing material and energy loops.

What happens in a modern biorefinery?

Renewable polysaccharides and lignin are fractionated and converted into transportation fuels, co-products, and direct energy.

What design and manufacturing principles contribute to sustainable biomaterials?

Product must be recyclable, reusable, or compostable; petroleum-based materials are replaced with renewable resources; single-use substances that cannot be recycled or composted are avoided; and the amount of raw material and packaging is reduced.

What are the types of sustainable biomaterials?

Carbonaceous materials from biomass, biocompatible nanocomposites, silicate-type materials from biomass residues, and advanced nanomaterials.

What are some commonly used biopolymers?

Cellulose, nanocellulose, chitin and chitosan.

What makes processing and utilization of lignin as a biomaterial difficult?

It arises from different sources leading to heterogeneity in properties.

How is PHA produced?

Bacterial fermentation of biomass.

What are the main advantages of PHA?

100% biosourced and biodegradable.

What are the key properties of metallic biomaterials used in orthopaedic implants?

High ultimate tensile strength (UTS), fatigue strength, durability, and toughness.

What are the ReSOLVE framework's main strategies?

Increase the reuse and refurnish of implants, reuse components, optimize materials by recycling, and provide patient-specific care.

What opportunities does 3D printing offer?

On-demand patient-specific printing, waste minimization, reduced transport costs, optimized production costs, and energy saving with reduced CO2 emissions.

What are the main barriers for Additive Manufacturing(AM)?

Need for improved fatigue strength and high initial costs.

What defines sustainable biomaterials?

Using biomaterials derived from renewable resources that are recyclable, reusable, or compostable, to replace petroleum-based materials.

What are Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)?

PHAs are 100% biosourced and biodegradable polyesters produced by bacterial fermentation with good rheological properties.