Renaissance & Reformation

Renaissance

Rebirth of art, learning, and classical ideas in Europe (1300s-1600s).

Humanism

Intellectual movement focusing on human potential and achievements; based on classical texts.

Secular

Worldly rather than spiritual focus; interest in here and now.

Individualism

Belief in the importance and worth of each person.

Perspective

Artistic technique to show depth and realism.

Vernacular

Everyday language used in writing instead of Latin.

Patron

Wealthy supporter of the arts.

Humanities

Subjects like history, literature, and philosophy.

Christian Humanism

Movement to reform society and the Church; focused on education and living a good Christian life.

Thomas More

Christian humanist; wrote Utopia describing an ideal, peaceful society without greed or corruption.

Desiderius Erasmus

Wrote The Praise of Folly, criticizing human behavior and Church corruption.

William Shakespeare

Playwright who explored human emotions and flaws; wrote in the vernacular.

Johann Gutenberg

Invented the printing press, which spread new ideas quickly and increased literacy.

95 Theses

Arguments against indulgences and Church corruption posted in Wittenberg.

Indulgence

Pardon releasing a sinner from punishment; sold by the Church to raise money.

Justification by Faith

Luther's belief that salvation is achieved by faith alone, not good works.

Reformation

Movement for religious reform leading to the creation of Protestant churches.

The Pope's Threat

Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther for refusing to take back his statements.

The Emperor's Opposition

Charles V declared Luther an outlaw at the Diet of Worms.

The Peasants' Revolt

Peasants, inspired by Luther's ideas of equality, revolted; Luther condemned the violence.

Peace of Augsburg

Allowed each ruler to decide his state's religion (Catholic or Lutheran).

Henry VIII

Broke with the Catholic Church when the pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.

Annul

To cancel or set aside a marriage.

Reformation Parliament

Laws ending the pope's power in England.

Act of Supremacy (1534)

Made Henry VIII the head of the Church of England.

Elizabeth I

Restored Protestantism and established the Anglican Church; balanced Protestant and Catholic practices.

Anglican

Relating to the Church of England.

John Calvin

Swiss reformer; taught predestination and led Geneva's theocracy.

Predestination

God has already chosen who will be saved (the 'elect').

Calvinism

Protestant faith based on Calvin's teachings; emphasized discipline and moral living.

Theocracy

Government controlled by religious leaders.

John Knox

Spread Calvinism to Scotland; his followers became known as Presbyterians.

Anabaptists

Believed in baptizing only adults; supported separation of church and state; shared possessions; pacifists.

Catholic Reformation

Catholic Church's response to Protestantism; sought to reform itself.

Ignatius of Loyola

Founded the Jesuits (Society of Jesus); focused on education, missionary work, and stopping Protestantism.

Jesuits

Catholic order known for schools, missionary work, and defending Catholicism.

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

Catholic leaders redefined Church doctrine.

Index of Forbidden Books

List of books banned by the Catholic Church.

Religious Effects of the Reformation

Christianity is permanently divided (Protestant and Catholic).

Political Effects of the Reformation

Power of the Church decreased; power of monarchs and states increased.

Social Effects of the Reformation

Emphasis on education and literacy (so people could read the Bible).

Centers of Calvinism and Lutheranism

Geneva and Wittenberg.

Countries dominated by Calvinism

Switzerland and Scotland.

Denmark adopted Lutheranism

1536

Body of water where Lutherans dominated

Baltic Sea.