Concepts

concepts LOL

PITCH CONTRAST/MOVEMENT

Articulatorily, it depends on how tense are the vocal folds.

PITCH CONTRAST/MOVEMENT

Acoustically, voicing is the source of periodic waves.

PITCH CONTRAST/MOVEMENT

Auditorily, corresponds to the property of sound that places it on a scale from high to low (high pitch/aguda - low pitch/grave)

LOUDNESS

Articulatorily, corresponds to the muscular energy and breath force used to produce it.

LOUDNESS

Auditorily, the listener can distinguish between loud and soft/quiet.

LOUDNESS

Acoustically, we talk about about amplitude of the wave (vowel are louder/have more energy than consonants).

LENGTH

Articulatorily, the speaker keeps the speech sound in time.

LENGTH

Acoustically, it corresponds to duration and it is measured in seconds.

LENGTH

Auditorily, property of sound that places it on a scale from long to short.

VOWEL QUALITY

Articulatorily, depends on the shape of the cavities or resonators.

VOWEL QUALITY

Auditorily, it is the feature by means of which two sounds having the same pitch, loudness and length are still perceived as different. Some vowels are perceived as weak, strong, or have dual roles.

PROMINENCE

It is a *phonetic* notion.

PITCH, LOUDNESS, LENGTH & VOWEL QUALITY

These are *phonetic elements* that can make a syllable stand out or more prominent.

Stress, Accent

These are *phonological* notions.

STRESS

It is a **feature of the word**; it is a **lexical abstraction**; a **decontextualized form**, and may become a concrete realization only if the word gets accented in an utterance.

ACCENT

It is the **feature of the utterance**; it is **concrete, contextualized** and an **observable phenomenon** (sentence or contextual accent in Harold prepared the \`picnic basket and not the car).

STRESS

It is in our mental lexicon and it is stored in the form of a pattern of sounds ==(phonemic)== and pattern of prominence ==(phonetic)==. A stress does not guarantee that the word will get an accent in a particular context.

PHONETIC JUNCTURE

It is the degree of linking between two phonetic sounds. 

e.g., /greidei/ may be decoded as 'grey day' or 'grade A'; the same with /aiskrim/, which can be decoded as 'ice cream' or 'i scream'. 

PHONETIC JUNCTURE

Examples such as: /greidei/ as, ‘grey day’ or ‘grade A’

LOCUTIONARY FORCE

Refers to what is **literally** expressed, to the meaning that words linked in a sentence have, as a proposition. 

ILLOCUTIONARY FORCE

Refers to the **intentionality** with which the proposition is expressed.

PERLOCUTIONARY FORCE

It has to do with the effects of the utterance on the listener (the actual reaction of the interlocutor).

Generalization

Changes that occur with the passing of time

Specialization

The meaning becomes narrower

Pejoration

The word’s meaning becomes negative

Amelioration

The meaning becomes positive