Ch-09-Articulations-handout

Articulations

Joints where two or more bones meet.

Types of movement

Angular and Rotational.

Synarthrosis

Immovable joints classified by functional movement.

Amphiarthroses

Slightly movable joints.

Diarthroses

Freely movable joints, also known as synovial joints.

Synovial joint

A joint with a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid.

Joint capsule

The fibrous connective tissue surrounding a synovial joint.

Articular cartilage

Smooth cartilage covering the ends of bones in a joint.

Synovial membrane

Membrane lining the joint capsule; produces synovial fluid.

Ligaments

Tissues that connect bones to other bones.

Bursa

Fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction in joints.

Meniscus

Crescent-shaped cartilage that provides cushioning in joints.

Flexion

Decreasing the angle between body parts.

Extension

Increasing the angle between body parts.

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body.

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body.

Circumduction

Circular movement of a limb.

Pronation

Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces down.

Supination

Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces up.

Elevation

Raising a body part.

Depression

Lowering a body part.

Opposition

Thumb movement across the palm toward the little finger.

Hinge joint

Joint allowing movement in one plane.

Pivot joint

Joint allowing rotation around a single axis.

Ball-and-socket joint

Joint allowing multiaxial movement.

Glenohumeral joint

Shoulder joint; a ball-and-socket type.

Elbow joint

Hinge joint between humerus and ulna.

Knee joint

Hinge joint involving femur, tibia, and fibula.

Temporomandibular joint

Joint connecting the jawbone to the skull.

Vertebral ligaments

Ligaments stabilizing the vertebral column.

Intervertebral discs

Cartilaginous joints between vertebrae.

Fibrocartilage

Cartilage that absorbs shock in joints.

Hyaline cartilage

Smooth cartilage that covers joint surfaces.

Rheumatism

General term for pain and stiffness in joints.

Osteoarthritis

Degenerative joint disease caused by wear and tear.

Rheumatoid arthritis

Autoimmune condition affecting joints.

Gouty arthritis

Arthritis caused by build-up of uric acid crystals.

Joint stability factors

Shape of articular surfaces, accessory structures, and muscle tone.

Accessory structures

Components like ligaments, cartilage, and tendons aiding joint function.

Distal tibiofibular joint

Syndesmosis joint with limited movement.

Pubic symphysis

Cartilaginous joint allowing slight movement.

Sutures

Immovable fibrous joints found in the skull.

Saddle joint

Joint allowing movement in two planes, such as thumb.

Condylar joint

Biaxial joint allowing flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction.

Plane joint

Nonaxial joints allowing gliding movements.

Fat pads

Adipose tissue that cushions joints.

Capsular ligaments

Ligaments that are part of the joint capsule.

Synovial fluid

Liquid that lubricates joints.

Coxal bones

Pelvic bones involved in bony fusion joints.

Epiphyseal plates

Cartilaginous growth plates in long bones.

Anulus fibrosus

Outer ring of fibrocartilage in intervertebral discs.

Nucleus pulposus

Gel-like center of the intervertebral disc.

Fibular collateral ligament

Ligament stabilizing the lateral aspect of the knee.

Tibial collateral ligament

Ligament stabilizing the medial aspect of the knee.

Anterior cruciate ligament

Keeps the tibia from sliding forward.

Posterior cruciate ligament

Keeps the tibia from sliding backward.

Muscle tone

Tension in muscles that stabilizes joints.

Biceps brachii

Muscle that flexes the forearm at the elbow.

Quadriceps tendon

Tendon extending from the quadriceps to the patella.

Deltoid muscle

Shoulder muscle involved in arm movement.

Rotator cuff

Group of muscles and tendons stabilizing the shoulder.

Tendon of the supraspinatus muscle

Helps abduct the arm.

Ankle joint

Hinge joint between tibia, fibula, and talus.

Dorsiflexion

Flexing the foot upwards.

Plantar flexion

Pointing the foot downwards.

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward.

Eversion

Turning the sole of the foot outward.

Coracoacromial ligament

Ligament providing stability to the shoulder.

Gleniod labrum

Cartilaginous rim surrounding the glenoid cavity.

Ischiofemoral ligament

Ligament stabilizing the hip joint.

Iliofemoral ligament

Strongest ligament of the hip joint.

Pubofemoral ligament

Ligament preventing excessive extension of the hip.

Transverse acetabular ligament

Bridge over the acetabular notch.

Ligamentum teres

Ligament coursing from the acetabulum to the fovea of the femur.

Sacroiliac joint

Joint connecting the sacrum to the ilium.

Zygapophyseal joints

Synovial joints between the articular processes of vertebrae.

Scapula

Shoulder blade; part of the shoulder joint.

Clavicle

Collar bone connecting the arm to the body.

Femur

Thigh bone; longest and strongest bone in the body.

Tibia

Shin bone, larger of the two lower leg bones.

Fibula

Lateral bone of the lower leg.

Talus

Bone in the ankle that articulates with the tibia and fibula.

Joint stability

Resistance of a joint against dislocation.

Wear and tear

Gradual damage to joints due to age or overuse.

Inflammation

Body's response to injury, causing redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

Articular disc

Fibrocartilage structure within joints that helps with stability.

Muscular system

System allowing movement of the body.

Skeletal system

System providing structure and support to the body.

Collagen fibers

Strong connective tissue that supports structures in joints.

Podiatry

Field of medicine focused on the diagnosis and treatment of foot-related conditions.