Ochem-Exam 1

terminology, EAS reactions, Substituents

Electron donating group

substituents that have lone pairs on the atom adjacent to the pi system

Inductive effect

Withdrawal or donation of electrons by a sigma bond due to electronegativity

Kinetic control

when the product of an irreversible reaction depends only on relative rates and not on stability

Thermodynamic control

when the product of a readily reversible reaction depends only on stability and not on relative rates

Electron withdrawing group

Substituents that have atoms adjacent to the pi system containing several bonds to more electronegative atoms

Allylic carbocation

A resonance stabilized carbocation in each of the two resonance forms of which the formal charge of +1 is on a carbon adjacent to an alkene

Resonance effect

Withdrawl or donation of electrons through a pi bond due to the overlap of a p orbital on the substituent with a p orbital on the aromatic ring

Diene

A hydrocarbon chain that has two double bonds that may or may not be adjacent to each other

Dienophile

The olefinic or acetylenic component that is seeking a diene in the Diels-Alder reaction

Aromaticity

Recognized when a compound follows Huckel’s rule, resulting in unusual stability

Chloronation

Bromination

Nitration

Sulfonation

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation

Friedel-Crafts Acylation

Toluene

Phenol

Aniline

Acetophenone

Benzaldehyde

Benzoic Acid

O-Xylene

Styrene

Benzyl

Phenyl

Nitro

Formyl

Acetyl

Carboxy

Amino

Vinyl

Methoxy

Ethoxy

Hydroxy

Benzene

Benzenesulfonic Acid

m-xylene

p-xylene