lipids part 2

major classes of membrane lipids(polar)

phospholipids, glycolipids, and archaebacterial ether lipids

sub classes of phospholipids

glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids( this one is sphingosine+fatty acid+ PO4+choline)

sub classes of glycolipids

sphingolipids and galactolipids

What makes up a glycerophospholipid

a glycerol, 2 fatty acid chains, a phosphate, and an alcohol

what makes up a sphingolipid that us under a PHOSPHOLIPID

sphingosine, fatty acid, phosphate, and a choline

Under glycolipids, what are the sphingolipids made of

sphingolipid, fatty acid, and mono- or oligosaccharide(sugar)

What are galactolipids made of

a glycerol, 2 fatty acids, mono- or oligosaccharide, and a sulfate group(SO4)

What kind of bond binds diacylglycerols( glycerol backbone in common glycerophospholipids) to their alcohol head groups?

phosphodiester bond- the -OH on C3 is bound to a phosphate group, this phosphate group is esterfied to an -OH head group

phosphatidic acid

glycerophospholipid linked to an alcohol

phosphatidylethanolamine

glycerophospholipid linked to an ethanolamine

phosphatidylcholine

glycerophospholipid linked to a choline

plasmalogens have a what chain while most glycerophospholipids have what

ether linked alkenyl chain/ ester linked fatty acids

What makes the platelet activating factor more water soluble than most glycerophospholipids and plasmalogens?

While it also has the ether linked alkyl chain at C-1, but C-2 is ester-linked to acetic acid, which makes the compound much more water-soluble

galactolipids predominates in what

plants

which lipids are phosphate free

galactolipids

Three glycolipids of chloroplast thylakoid membranes

MGDG, DGDG, and sulfolipid

What do MGDG and DGDG’s head groups have in common

almost all their acyl groups are derived from linoleic acid and they’re head groups are uncharged

in sulfolipid, sulfonate carries a what

fixed negative charge

Archaebacteria

have lipids that span the entire membrane and are more stable than glycerophospholipids to heat and pH due to ether linkages rather than ester linkages

what is the yellow portion composed of?; the glycerol moieties in the archaeal lipids are in what configuration(contrary to those in bacteria and eukaryotes)?;

Long hydrocarbons composed of 8 five-carbon isoprene groups condensed end to end.

R configuration

In the molecule shown here, one glycerol is linked to the disaccharide α-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-galactofuranose; the other glycerol is linked to a glycerol phosphate head group.

Sphingolipids are derivatives of what

sphingosine

3 subclasses of sphingolipids

sphingomyelins, glycosphingolipids, gangliosides

where do you find most phingolipids

in the plasma membrane of animal cells

What do these two have in common in structure and shape

1. polar, + charged phosphocholine head group

2. amphipathic lipids

3. has two long fatty acyl chains that bend at unsaturated bonds.

What do phospholipases do and where does it take place

it cleaves phospholipids at specific locations and it takes place in the lysosomes

Sterols:structure

contain steroid nucleus of 4 fused rings, 3 six carbon and one 5 carbon ring

Cholesterol

major sterol found in animal tissue

Purpose of sterols

serve as biological precursors for steroid hormones and some bile acids

5 main classes of structural lipids

glycerophospholipids, glycolipids, GDGTs, sphingolipids, sterols

purposes of lipids

signaling molecules, cofactors, and pigments

function of phosphatidylinositols(glycerophospholipid+ inositol head group)

help regulate cell structure and metabolism

eicosanoids

several signaling functions including injury recovery

steroids

signal carriers between cells

vitamin D

steroid precursor, vital in the regulation of calcium reuptake

vitamin A

steroid precursor, important in vertebrate eye