Cancer bio EXAM topic 5 and 6

What does EMT stand for?

Epithelial mesenchymal transition

What are cadherins linked to?

Catenins

What is a CAM?

Cell adhesion molecule

what are the three types of selectins?

1\.P-selectin

2\.L-selectin

3\.E-selectin

What does integrin bind to?

VCAM

What are connexins?

A type of channel (gap junction) where electrical and inorganic ions are exchanged.

6 connexins =1…?

Connexon

What are hemidesmosomes?

multiprotein complexes that facilitate the stable adhesion of basal epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane

What is the difference between desmosomes and hemidesmosomes?

Desmosomes are junctions involved in intercellular adhesion of epithelial cells and hemidesmosomes are junctions involved in adhesion of epithelia to basement membranes

what do selectins bind to?

Glycoproteins and Glycolipids

What technique can be used to study cancer cell migration?

Wound healing experiment

What are tight junctions formed from?

Claudins and occludins

What are adherens junctions made from?

Desmosomes and cadherens

What are focal adhesions?

Adhesion and Cell migration → specialized sites within the cell where clustered integrin receptors interact with the extracellular matrix on the outside of cells and with the actin cytoskeleton on the inside

For what is the focal adhesion turnover important?

Cell Migration

What type of molecule is especially present in the focal adhesion?

Integrins

What are 4 components of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

1\.Proteoglycans

2\.Collagen

3\.Glycoproteins

4\.Elastin

What is GAG?

Glycosaminoglycans

Is collagen hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

HYDROPHOBIC

What is fibronectin used for?

As a track for the movement of cells by Focal adhesion binding

Is elastin Hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

HYDROPHOBIC

Microvesicles and exosomes released from cancer cells can be used for what?

Can be found in blood and urine and used for diagnosis of cancer

What do metalloproteases (MMP) do?

They degrade the extracellular matrix to allow for migration

What two phospholipids play an important role in cell polarity?

PIP2 and PIP3

Vimentin is a …?

Mesenchymal intermediate filament

What are the 5 steps of mesenchymal migration?

1\.Polarization

2\.Lamellipodium formation dendritic actin network (protrusion)

3\.Formation of new adhesions (attachment)

4\.Cell body contraction (traction)

5\.Rear retraction

Do MET or EMT intravasate?

EMT

Do MET or EMT extravasate?

MET

At what phase of life is EMT normal?

During embryonic development

What is apoptosis also known as?

Cell suicide or silent cell death

what are the 3 phases of apoptosis?

Initiation→ decision→ execution

What does a mutation in bcl2 lead to?

Cell cannot go through apoptosis

Apoptosis happens due to the ……….. cascade

Caspase

Initiator caspases activate ………?

Effector caspases

What are the two types of apoptotic pathways?

Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathway

What do Apoptotic signals bind to ?

DISC

List 3 examples of drugs targetting apoptosis

1\.Bcl2 inhibitors

2\.IAP inhibitors

3\.Death receptor agonist

What do IAPs bind to?

caspases

What do IAPS do?

Inhibit caspases

What is autophagy?

A survival pathway

What is the principal mechanism of autophagy?

the isolation of intracellular material in autophagosomes and its degradation in autophagolysosomes

What is the main molecule that regulates autophagy?

LC3

What does BAX promote?

Apoptosis

What is random autophagy?

The random sequestration of cytosolic components usually due to limiting nutrients in the environment

What is selective autophagy?

Recognition of specific cargos like a damaged mitochondria

What induces autophagy?

Stress factors

True or False: Autophagy can be pro-tumour or anti-tumour

True

Necrotopsis is activated when ……….. is blocked

Apoptosis

What does TME stand for?

Tumour Microenvironment

What can inhibit Necroptosis?

Necrostatin

True or False: No inflammation occurs with necrosis

FALSE

What is Pyroptosis?

Induction of inflammation

What are the two pathways of pyroptosis?

1\.Canonical pathway

2\.Non-canonical pathway

Which caspase is activated in pyroptosis?

Caspase 1

In pyroptosis, does inflammasome formation occur before or after activation of caspase 1?

before

In pyroptosis, what does GSDMD cleavage lead to?

Pore formation

True or False: In cancer, there is a downregulation of caspase 1 and GSDMD

True

What is entosis is also known as …..?

Cell canibalism

Is the cell alive or dead during entosis?

Alive