Analog Output, Binary, Decimal, and Hexadecimal

Hardcoding

When the code explicitly gives directions instead of using a sensor or logic

Programming Concepts: Variable Types:

8 bits

8 bits = 1 Byte

Char - character

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16 bits

int - integer

unsigned int

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32 bits

long 

unsigned long 

float - floating decimal place

Binary - two-based system 

Fading in and Fading Out (Analog or Digital?)

A few pins on the Arduino allow for us to modify the output to mimic an analog signal.

This is done by a technique called Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) - a method to stimulate/imitate an analog signal by turning a digital pin ON and OFF at strategic intervals

Analog v. Digital

To create an analog signal, the microcontroller uses a technique called PWM. By varying the duty cycle, we can mimic an “average” analog voltage.

50% duty cycle- turning on half time

10% duty cycle - turning on 10% of time

PWM

Medium voltage pwm signal, low voltage, high voltage

0 - 255

0V - 5V

fading lights

Project - Fading Lights

analogWrite (pin, val);

Pin - refers to the OUT pin (limited to pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11.) - denoted by a ~ symbol

Val - 8 bit value (0-255)

0=> 0V | 255 => 5V

Move one of your LED pins over to 9

PWM O/P Signal

Digital Sensor (I/P_

Ohms - Pull Digital Signal - pull down resistor connects to this write and button , allows these two halves to connect

fading lgihts 2.0

Pin mode to establish pin modes activaitng

Brightness = brightness + fadeAmount,

“New brightness is the current brightness plus the fade amount.” 

New brightness = old brightness + 5

What is binary?

Coding language of 1s and 0s. Two states (on/off).

How is binary useful?

Direct communication with computers. Simple way to store data.

How is it similar to the decimal number system?

Both rely on numerical positioning

A computing device uses binary to communicate with its individual parts, other devices, and its user.

The number values represent different pieces of information (data) which is translated / interpreted by devices or users.

Bit - a single digit. Basic unit of storage.

Byte - 8 binary bits.

decimal - base 10 number system
Hexadecimal - base 16 number system

binary - base 2 number system

Each hex digit is the equivalent of ½ of a binary byte AKA 1 hex bit = 4 binary bits.

• What is binary?

 Binary is a base-2 number system using only 0s and 1s. They represent the “on” and “offs” of electrical circuits.

• How is binary useful?

Binary allows for the efficient storage and processing of data. It also provides a universal language for communication between computers and other digital devices, allowing them to interact with one another.

• How is it similar to the decimal number system?

Both binary and decimal systems are positional numeral systems that use place value, where a digit's significance depends on its position. The decimal number system uses base-10 (0-9) while binary uses base-2 (0, 1). Both follow the same pattern of carrying over when a digit reaches its maximum value.

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