BIO-201L Midterm Exam Study Guide

This set of flashcards covers key terms and concepts from the BIO-201L Midterm Exam Study Guide, focusing on Anatomy and Physiology topics.

Anatomical Position

A standard position of the body used as a reference point; standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides with palms facing forward.

Directional Terms

Terms used to describe the locations of structures in relation to other structures, such as anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior.

Coronal/Frontal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

Midsagittal/Parasagittal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into left and right parts; midsagittal divides equally, parasagittal divides into unequal parts.

Transverse Plane

A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Four regions of the abdominal cavity; right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower.

Tissues

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function; four main types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

Epithelial Tissue

A type of tissue that covers body surfaces, lines cavities and organs, and forms glands.

Connective Tissue

A type of tissue that supports, binds, and protects other tissues and organs, with a matrix of fibers and ground substance.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body despite changes in the external environment.

Hydrophobic

Substances that repel water and do not dissolve in it; examples include lipids.

Hydrophilic

Substances that are attracted to water and dissolve easily in it; examples include salts and sugars.

Plasma Membrane

The outer boundary of a cell, composed of a phospholipid bilayer that regulates the entry and exit of substances.

Diffusion

The passive movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Isotonic Solution

A solution with the same concentration of solutes as another solution, resulting in no net movement of water.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution, causing cells to shrink.

Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution, causing cells to swell.

Keratinized Epithelium

A type of epithelium that contains keratin and is found in areas such as the skin, providing protection.

Goblet Cells

Specialized epithelial cells that produce and secrete mucus.

Cartilage Types

The three types of cartilage are hyaline (support), elastic (flexibility), and fibrocartilage (shock absorption).

Collagenous Fibers

Strong fibers present in connective tissues that provide strength and support; found in tendons and ligaments.

Melanocytes

Cells in the skin that produce melanin, contributing to skin color and protection against UV radiation.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The molecule used by cells for energy, produced mainly in the mitochondria.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix and communicate with other bone cells.

Chondrocytes

Cells that produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix.