CSD 528 FINAL - Articulation and Prosody

Segmentals vs suprasegmentals

segmentals: individual vowels and consonants
suprasegmentals: aspects of speech that extend beyond individual vowels/consonants

Functions of prosody

Linguistic - conveying linguistic distinctions

stress: object vs object

intonation: statement vs question

timing: an ice man vs a nice man

Emotional - conveying affective states

emotions

speaking style

voice quality

Acoustic parameters

1. frequency
2. intensity
3. time

Intensity is more than

just being loud enough

Factors that affect being heard

1. indoor or outdoors
2. background noise
3. shape of space
4. materials in the space

3 factors for voice intensity

1. air from lungs
2. vocal fold closure
3. filter adjustments

Fundamental frequency

speaking pitch

changes in frequency can effect both

linguistic meaning and emotional meaning

glottal fry is produced

without regular vocal fold vibration

there is a limited ability to vary pitch or intensity when speaking in

glottal fry

normal speech rate

160-170 words per min

factors that effect timing/speaking rate

1. natural tendencies
2. emotional state
3. urgency of message
4. mental fatigue
5. complexity of content
6. number of pauses

pharmacological mgmt of hypokinetic dysarthria

carbidopa-levodopa

pharmacological mgmt for spastic dysarthria

benzodiazepines, baclofen, gabapentin, clonidine

pharmacological mgmt for ataxic dysarthria

propranolol or clonazepam

articulation tx:
integral stimulation -
phonetic placement -
phonetic derivation -
minimal contrast -

integral stim - watch and listen imitation tasks

phonetic placement - hands on, picture illustration, mirror

phonetic derivation - use non speech to facilitate speech

minimal contrast - minimal pairs

artic intelligibility drills

1. give speaker speech stimuli and SLP or partner have to repeat what is said

2. gives knowledge of results (KR)

3. develop strategies for communication repair

4. improve listener skills

5. adapt to patient needs

Cues for clear speech in artic tx

1. big speech
2. slow down
3. overnunciate
4. exaggerate

slowing speech rate facilitates

articulatory precision and intelligibility

slowing speech rate facilitates articulatory precision and intelligibility and increases time for

coordination

slowing speech rate facilitates articulatory precision and intelligibility and increases time for coordination, allows __________(2)

full ROM
listener to process info

what to use for speech rate tx

alphabet boards
pacing boards
finger tapping

prosody techniques

chunking - using more available syntactic breaks for breath

contrastive stress

referential tasks

Tx approaches for AOS

rate/rhythm
articulatory kinematic

rate/rhythm tx

contrastive stress
pacing
melodic intonation tx

Articulatory-Kinematic Approaches

1. sound production tx
2. prompt
3. principles of ML
4. biofeedback

8 step integral stimulation continuum for treating AOS

1. Integral stimulation - watch and imitate clinician
2. Same as step 1, fade auditory cue (clinician mime)
3. patient imitates clinician alone
4. patient imitates several productions in a row
5. patient is given written instead of auditory models
6. delayed productions after removal of written models
7. patient answers a question instead of imitating exact phrase
8. role playing

stimulus selection in AOS

- meaningful words are easier
- high frequency words are easier
- increased speech rate tends to increase error rate
- syllables with fewer phonemes are easier than syllables with many phonemes
- stressed syllables/words are easier
- automatic speech is easier
- both visual and auditory stim lead to more accurate response than verbal stim alone