Hums exam revision semester 1

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Factors that influence climate change

Altitude, distance from equator, mountain range locations, direction of prevailing winds

5 layers of soil

Horizon O - Organic Matter

Horizon A - Topsoil

Horizon B - Subsoil

Horizon C - Parent Material

Horizon D - Bedrock

4 aspects of biophysical world

Atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere

Fire stick farming

An indigenous land management strategy that involves small controlled fires to burn grasslands, which encouraged growth of new vegetation

Land degradation

Land and water resources that are deteriorating due to exploitation.

Human factors that cause land degradation

land clearance/deforestation, pollution, poor farming practices

Grassland climate

Moderate rainfall and moderate to extreme temperatures

Grassland average rainfall

500-900mm of rain per year

Place with grassland biome

The Eurasian Steppe

5 flora in grasslands

Buffalo grass, daisies, blue grama, milkweed, sunflowers

5 fauna in grasslands

Cows, sheeps, bisons, elephants, deer

Desert climate

Low rainfall, extreme temperatures, arid

Desert average rainfall

250mm of rain per year

Place with desert biome

Sahara desert

5 flora in deserts

Cacti, century plant, california poppy, desert sage, hoodia

5 fauna in deserts

Camels, foxes, armadillo, scorpions, hawks

Constitutional monarchy

The monarch is the head of state, but is represented by a governor general

Republic

Supreme power is ruled by the citizen body and their elected representatives

Monarchy

Government lead by a monarch (a head of state for) e.g King or Queen

Constitution

A set of rules that dictate how a country should be run

Legislative

Makes the law, e.g Parliament

Judicial

Interprets and applies the law, e.g the High Court of Australia

Executive

Puts the law into action, e.g the Government

Australian Labour Party (ALP)

A center-left party that focuses on social justice, workers' rights, and progressive policies.

Liberal Party of Australia

A center-right party that advocates for free-market policies, individual liberties, and conservative social values.

Australian Greens

A left wing progressive party that emphasizes environmental sustainability, social justice, and grassroots democracy.

National Party of Australia

Traditionally representing rural and regional interests, it often forms a coalition with the Liberal Party.

One Nation

A right-wing party that supports anti-immigration and nationalist views.

Coalition

A temporary alliance between 2 groups, e.g political parties

Principles of Australia’s voting system

Must be 18yrs+, must be an Australian citizen, mandatory in the enroll, one vote one value, ran by AEC, secret ballot, universal suffrage

Government

The group of people responsible for putting laws into action and running the country. Consists of the political party/coalition with the majority in the H.O.R.

Parliament

The group of people responsible for making laws or amends. They represent the people, debate policies and scrutinizes the government. Consists of H.O.R, Senate and Monarch.

Similarity between Government and Parliament

Both have responsibilities for the wellbeing of their country

Bias

When somebody has prejudice for or against something or someone, often in an unfair manner

Left Wing Bias

Ideas/polices that advocate for social equality, government assistance for those in need and environmental safety. E.g of parties are Labour Party and the Greens.

Right Wing Bias

Ideas/policies that advocate for businesses, independence from government and lower taxes. E.g of parties include Liberal Party and National Party.

Herald Sun

A newspaper company that is considered right wing biased and is associated with the Liberal Party and National Party

ABC News

A public news broadcaster that is considered left center biased and could be associated with Labour Party

Dictatorship

Government ruled by a dictator, a person who has complete power over a country typically by force.

3 levels of government

Federal parliament, state/territory parliaments, local councils.

Separation of powers

Power over the country is separated into 3 branches, so that not one person/group has complete control.

Public Engagement

Parties engage with the public to gather support, raise awareness about issues, and encourage political participation.

Preferential Voting

Putting your prefered candidates for H.O.R in order of preference

Opposition

Consists of the party/coalition with the second most seats in H.O.R. They scrutinize the government and offer alternative policies.

House of Representatives

One of 2 houses of parliament, they consist of 151 members. They initiate and pass legislation, represent the people and scrutinize government.

Senate

One of 2 houses of parliament, they consist of 76 members. They review and amend legislation, represent state and territories and checks the government.

Primary Source

First hand evidence that was created in the same time period, e.g diary

Secondary Source

Information interpreted from primary sources, not created in the same time period, e.g textbook

Reasons people migrated to Australia (1750-1901)

Escape poverty or famine, gold rush, avoid political/religious persecution

Colonisation

When a country takes control or settles in land already inhabited

Reasons why British sent convicts to Australia

Overcrowded prisons, needed new penal colony, wanted to expand empire

Terra Nulius

Land belonging to no one

Impact of colonisation to indigenous Australians

Loss of land, disease and violence, cultural disruption

Indigenous resistance

Defending land and culture, fighting against violence and displacement, protesting unjust treatment

White australia policy

Introduced in 1901, it was intended to keep Australia ‘white’/limit non-Europeans immigration.

CABMAPS

Context, Author, Bias, Message, Audience, Purpose, Significance

Context

Circumstances, background or setting that helps give meaning to something

Bias (History)

Prejudice for or against one group

Message

The main point/idea that the writer intends to convey to the reader

Audience

Who’s reading this

Purpose

The reason why this was created

Significance

The importance of this creation, also note why it can be unimportant

Federation of Australia

In 1901, the 6 colonies formed states under one Government for shared defence, trade, immigration and national identity