APHG Unit 5-7

primary economy

the main economy of a country, agriculture

employment

the amount of a population engaged in activities

gross domestic produce

all the goods produced within a country

intensive agriculture

lots of labor spread across small plots of land

extensive agriculture

limited labor, spread across a large area of land

hunting and gathering societies

groups of people that make seasonal migrations to where food is

transhumance

groups move seasonally to follow herds and nature plants that bloom

pastoralism

AG based on seasonal movements of animals from winter to summer pastures

nomadic herding

see pastorialism

cultivars

mixed variety of crops

monoculture

only harvesting one type of crop

staple crop

a singe crop mass produced

mixed farming

farming with animals on the same farm

general farming

multiple crops and animals on the same farm to produce diverse nutrients

subsistence agriculture

mixed farming that produces food and material for one household

extensive agriculture

substance AG with low labor

physiological density

number of people per arable land

arable land

farmable land

food preservation

preserving foods for an extended time, eg cooking, drying, storage jars

specialized crops

grown for immediate consumption and preservation

cash cropping

producing crops for money at the market

commercial crops

crops grown on large plots of land to be sold at a market

plantation agriculture

mass producing crops

domestic consumption

consuming the plants inside the nation

export

selling them to other parts of the world

feudal

an old form of government

income disparity

a gap in the income of two groups

Communist Manifesto

people want the same pay

communes

large farms where single families were organized as labor units

incentives

limits set by the governments

human ecology

human-nature interaction

food chain

order of predators

crop rotation

crops are planted on different land parts seasonally

multi-cropping

planting more than 1 crop on the same plot of land

double cropping

planting two crops one after another, same plot same year

triple cropping

planting 3 crops one after the other, same plot same year

irrigation

directing water to the correct parts needed

conservation

preserving and managing the environment and its resources

conservation agriculture

provides a sustainable farming system without sacrificing crop production

sustainable yield

describes the amount of cops or animals that can be raised

sustainability

how much a farm can support

textiles

clothing

animal feed

textiles

alternative energy crops

crops that provide energy

ethanol

an alchohol that can support gasoline and make it cleaner

biodiesel

diesel from soybean and vegetable oils

slash and burn AG

when people burn down areas to the ground level

fallow

when farmers abandon piece of land

extensive pastoralism

shifting pastoral herds between grazing pasture

population pressure

too any people or animals on the same plot of land

overgrazing

denuding, eroded, or desertfied

desertification

any human process that turns a vegetated

soil salinization

ruining the soil

mineral salts

salts that can be trapped on the soil and poison plants

vegetative planting

the stems of existing plants were collected and grown together

seed agriculture

seeds of fruits were replanted together

animal domestication

animals trained for human benefit

animal husbandry

hybridization of animals to create better breeds

growing areas

the area where crops are able to grow

relocation diffusion

diffusion without movement

Colombian exchange

the diffusion that occurred after the first voyages of columbus

chemical fertilizers

chemical agent added to soil to add nutrients

chemical pesticides

agent/chemical to kills pests (weed, insects, fungus, rodents, etc.)

mechanization

the introduction of machines to AG

tractors

What enabled farmers to work in their fields for entire days

dwarf varieties

Genetically modified plants with larger heads and shorter stalks (so they don't fall over)

Green Revolution

Agricultural revolution that increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation; helped to support rising Asian populations.

irrigation pumps

pumps that help move water

expanded food production

a large food surplus to feed an entire population

Brahman Cattle

a hybrid of European cattle and the Zebu cattle of India. This beef cow produces far more meat than other tropical cows

genetic engineering

Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms

biotechnology

technology invested in growing crops

factory farming

a system of large-scale industrialized and intensive agriculture that is focused on profit with animals kept indoors and restricted in mobility

BT corn

insect and fungi resistant corn

rBGH

cow steroids for more meat

antibiotics

medicine to prevent bacterial infection

extensive monoculture of staple crops

corn, soybeans, wheat

commodity prices

the sell prices of crops

corporate AG

large scale extensive AG is owned by a single buisness

downer caattle

beef that is ill and not eligible for human consumption

specialized farm products

products for making farming more efficient

GMO

modified organisms to produce more profit

animal welfare

the well-being of animals

natural food products

non-GMO products

organic

unmodded products

cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

appellation

the local name for a product

truck farms

horticultural or "market gardening" farms

suitcase farmers

people that work in a city but still own farms

Mediterranean AG

Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails

fresh milk

milk that is not spoiled

milkshed

the distance milk can travel without being spoiled

processed dairy

chesse and yogurt, has risen in demand

UHT pasteurization

heat-treated at very high temperatures to kill microorganisms

von Thunen

An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activities in terms of rent

labor intensive

lots of labor required

central place model

village>labor intensive crops>managed forest>extensive farming>grazing lands

labor intensive crops

anything that requires constant tending to ensure ripeness

labor intensive animals

dairy cows and poultry.

medicinal crops

crops used for medical purposes