Social Psychology Kassin, Chapter 9, Attraction, Close Relationships

need for affiliation

The desire to establish and maintain many rewarding interpersonal relationships

loneliness

A feeling of deprivation about existing social relations

mere exposure effect

The phenomenon whereby the more often people are exposed to a stimulus, the more positively they evaluate that stimulus

what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype

The belief that physically attractive individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics

matching hypothesis

The proposition that people are attracted to others who are similar in physical attractiveness

reciprocity

A mutual exchange between what we give and receive (for example, like those who like us)

hard-to-get effect

The tendency to prefer people who are highly selective in their social choices over those who are more readily available

intimate relationships

A close relationship between two adults involving emotional attachment, fulfillment of psychological needs, or interdependence

social exchange theory

A perspective that views people as motivated to maximize benefits and minimize costs in their relationships with others

equity theory

The theory that people are most satisfied with a relationship when the ration between benefits and contributions is similar for both partners

exchange relationships

A relationship in which the participants expect and desire strict reciprocity in their interactions

communal relationship

A relationship in which the participants expect and desire mutual responsiveness to each other's needs

attachment styles

The way a person typically interacts with significant others

triangular theory of love

A theory proposing that love has three basic components--intimacy, passion, and commitment--which can be combined to produce eight subtypes

passionate love

Romantic love characterized by high arousal, intense attraction, and fear of rejection

companionate love

A secure, trusting, stable partnership

excitation transfer

The process whereby arousal caused by one stimulus is added to arousal from a second stimulus and the combined arousal is attributed to the second stimulus

self-disclosure

Revelations about the self that a person makes to others

sexual orientation

A person's preference for members of the same sex (homosexuality), opposite sex (heterosexuality), or both sexes (bisexuality)

need for affiliation

desire to establish social contact with others

attraction

- direct rewards: attention, support, money, status, information, commodities

- indirect rewards: beautiful, smart, funny

- attractiveness: fertility

the proximity effect

- the best predictor of whether two people will get together is physical proximity

mere exposure effect

- the more you see, the more you like

physical attractiveness

- more attractive ==> more positive attributes (e.g., smarter, more likeable)

- babyface is considered attractive

interpersonal attraction

- familiarity: proximity; mere exposure;

- physical attraction

similarity and attitudes

- couples that are more similar to each other are attracted to each other

reciprocity in attraction

- like people who like us. if you want someone to like you make them know you like them first!

playing hard to get

- prefer people who are moderately selective not TOO selective because we fear rejection.

babyness(idk)

idk

newborn sensory-social abilities(idk)

idk

bowlby's attachment theory

- there is a link between parent-child relation and how that child relates to others as an adult.

matching hypothesis

- attractive ppl marry attractive ppl

- unattractive ppl marry unattractive ppl

self fulfilling profecy and beauty

- half men get photo of attractive female other half gets unattractive (not real photos of those on the phone)

- men treated her differently when he THOUGH she was attractive

- women in term became more likable ie more animated, more confident, warmer

objective/subjective beauty (culture issue)

- objective: babies stare at attractive faces longer than unattractive ones

- hourglass figure in women vs tubular says that cultural differences in beauty do exist

averageness

- average face made of a composite of other faces is viewed as more attractive

- why? people prefer symmetry

- why symmetry? associated with health, fitness, and fertility

what are the different types? (attachment style)

- secure: easy to get close to others, comfortable depending on them (56%)

- avoidant: uncomfortable being close, trust issues (25%)

- anxious: reluctant to get close, worries of being unloved (19%)

what's involved? (intimate/romantic relationships)

- feeling of attachment, affection, and love

- fulfillment of psychological needs

sternberg's triangular theory

- romantic love: intimacy + passion (Pre break up)

- companionate love: intamacy + commitment (isabel)

- fatuous love: passion + commitment

- consummate love: intamacy + passion + commitment!!!!!

excitation transfer

- mistake passion for the psychological arousal due to an external event (e.g., concert)

why do we help

- gain rewards (e.g., reciprocity) avoid punishment (being looked down by others for not helping)

evolutionary factors (helping)

- selfish gene

- reciprocal altruism

- cooperative group

- rewards of helping

- costs of not helping

selfish gene

- helping each other is important to individuals survival therefore helping is due to the selfish gene

reciprocal altruism

- we are altruistic because by helping others one we expect that one day they will return the favor

cooperative group

- by helping each other in the group, humans are sometimes able to increase their reproductive success rate

rewards of helping

helpign ==> feeling better about oneself

costs of not helping

- if the cost of helping is low then people are more likely to help

- courageous resistance: sustained and deliberate helping

- negative costs due to helping too much

altruism vs egoism

- altruistic: motivated to help by the desire to increase someone else's welfare

- egoistic: motivated: motivated to help by the desire to somehow increase one's own welfare (e.g., feel good, expectation of reciprocity)

- factors: ease of escape from helping

The empathy-altruism hypothesis (Batson)

- if you adopt the others persons perspective and have an emotional response to it (e.g. empathy) it is considered altruistic; otherwise egoistic.

bystander effect (situation)

- we think since there are many other people here someone else will make the 911 call but if everyone thinks this way, no one will help

5 steps to an emergency (situation)

emergency ==> notice surrounding ==> interpret as emergency ==> decide to help ==> provide help

time pressure (situation)

- someone in a rush or absent minded (e.g., preoccupied with other pressing concerns) will be less likely to help

mood and helping (situation)

- good mood ==> more likely to help

- bad mood ==> MAYBE more helpful (e.g. feel guilty, focus on people to feel better)

- good mood correlates to higher helpfulness compared to bad mood

social learning theory (situation)

- role models for helpfulness

- role models show what kind of behaviors are good (e.g., helpfullness); shows the rewards of being helpful and the value (e.g., praise); aware of social morality

norms of helping (situation)

- reciprocity

- equity

- social helping

- concerns over fairness and justice

- self interest

altruistic personality

- people with high levels of empathy and people with high moral reasoning

attractiveness and being helped

- more likely to be helped by others

attributions of responsibility

- if we believe that people who need help are NOT responsible for the predicament they are in (e.g., aids patients being infected as a result of blood transfusions as opposed to sexual behavior)

similarity and helping

- more likely to help those who are similar to us (e.g., family or ingroup members)

emotions and helping

- pity + admiration ==> higher chance of helping (individuals who have high competence and warmth)

- envy + contempt ==> lower chance of helping

closeness and helping

- the closer you are to someone the more likely that you will help them

reactions to help

- high self esteem ==> negative reaction to help

- inferiority complex

- sig other helps on ego relevant tasks ==> threatens self esteem

threat to self esteem model

- when recipient feels cared for/appreciated ==> self-supportive

- when recipient feels inferior or overly dependent ==> self-threatening

instinct theory

- freud: death instinct vs life instinct

- aggression death instinct is turned outwards at others

evolutionary theory

- genetic survival

- genetic selection for aggression

social learning theory

- bobo doll experiment

- learn how to behavior prosocially means learn aggression from others as well

frustration-aggression theory

- frustration ==> aggression

- frustrated kids destroyed toys

- cut in line 2nd person vs 12th ==> more frustrated so more aggressive when closer to goal

- high expectations that are not met ==> higher levels of frustrations ==> aggression

frustration-aggression theory modification

berkowitz

- frustration ==> anger

- anger w "aggressive cue" ==> aggression

- "aggressive cue" (e..g., gun)

angry

state of already being angry + anggressive cue == higher likelihood of aggression

exposure to violent cues

e.g. gun,

alcohol myopia

- intoxication ==> aggression

- aggressive: powerful and simple

- inhibition: weaker and complex

heat

- increases hit by pitch incidents, horn honking, choose to believe events in a more hostile nature

media violence

- higher violence in media ==> more aggressive behavior (experiment shows)

- short term: priming; arousal; anger

- longterm: social learning -- teaches aggression; develop aggressive schemas; desensitization

catharsis

- doesn't really work

punishment

- deterrence theory

- corporal punishment

reduce aggression

- remove aggressive cues

- provide better role models

instrumental aggression

- aggression in order to get something (e.g. beat up kids for money; threaten wife to control her)

immediate instrumental conditions

- low risk high reward

long term instrumental conditions

- poverty; glamorize crime; cultural norms of aggression

emotional aggression

- aggression as a result of uncontrolled emotion (feel intense, say something to manipulate or say something afflict pain)

immediate emotional condition

- triggers self esteem, status

long term emotional

- repeated threats to self esteem or status

gender aggression

- men are more agressive duh

- but types of aggression matter?? - indirect aggression more for girls

direct aggression

- verbal, physical

indirect

- relational; covert

displaced aggression

- aggression not at the source (e.g. boss or something) lower status target

stages of eyewitnessing

- acquisition

acquisition

- perception of event

factors - emotion, presence of weapons, cross racial ID bias

storage

==> memory but not accurate

storage bias

words influence memory e.g. smashed remember car to be going 40 miles and contacted then car goes 30 miles

retrieval

- lineup; pulling informatin out

line up identifications

false confessions

- vulnerable ==> less clear memory '=

- false incriminating evidence

jury selection process

- expanded list

- random sample

- screening process : voir dire

- RES: stereotypes potential jurors

death qualification

- exclude all jurors who are against death penalty

jury nullification