the cell

When treating type 1 diabetes mellitus with insulin injections, where would we find the control center in the feedback loop?

a. Our pancreas

b. Our brain

c. Our thyroid gland

d. Our spinal ganglia

e. Our skeletal muscle

b. Our brain

The action of steroid receptors would be _____________ that the action of a neurotransmitter that directly opens ion channels in a cell's plasma membrane

a. Faster

b. Slower

c. The same speed

b. Slower

Mitochondria are most closely associated with

a. Protein synthesis

b. Glucose synthesis

c. ATP synthesis

d. Gene translation

e. Gene transcription

c. ATP synthesis

If a concentration gradient is held constant, what is the most direct way to change the rate of osmosis across a cell membrane?

a. By changing gene translation

b. By changing gene transcription

c. By changing the activity of ion channels

d. By changing the concentration of aquaporins in cell membranes

e. By changing the activity of water pumps

d. By changing the concentration of aquaporins in cell membranes

When treating type 1 diabetes mellitus with insulin injections, what is the role of a glucose meter?

a. A glucose meter serves as a control center in a negative feedback loop

b. A glucose meter serves as a sensor in a negative feedback loop

c. A glucose meter serves as an effector in a negative feedback loop

d. A glucose meter restores homeostasis

b. A glucose meter serves as a sensor in a negative feedback loop

Osmosis refers to

a. The diffusion of water

b. The diffusion of glucose

c. Active transport of glucose

d. Active transport of sodium

e. The diffusion of sodium

a. The diffusion of water

If a concentration gradient moves an ion in one direction and an electrical force moves an ion in the opposite direction,

a. The ion will always move down its concentration gradient

b. The ion will always move down its electrical gradient

c. The ion could move either direction depending on which force is strongest

c. The ion could move either direction depending on which force is strongest

Glucagon is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that causes an elevation in blood sugar. You would expect glucagon secretion to increase when

a. Blood glucose is high

b. Blood glucose is low

b. Blood glucose is low

Insulin receptors are glucose transporters

a. True

b. False

b. False

The production of mRNA from a gene is called

a. Transcription

b. Protein production

c. Peroxidosis

d. Translation

e. Organelle formation

a. Transcription

In resting human cells, an electrical gradient pushes potassium

a. Into a cell

b. Out of a cell

c. Neither into nor out of a cell

a. Into a cell

How do forces act on sodium in resting cells?

a. Electrical gradient pushes in; concentration gradient pushes in

b. Electrical gradient pushes in; concentration gradient pushes out

c. Electrical gradient pushes out; concentration gradient pushes in

d. Electrical gradient pushes out; concentration gradient pushes out

a. Electrical gradient pushes in; concentration gradient pushes in

Humans have proteins that change shape in the presence of blood glucose.

a. True

b. False

a. True

The production of a protein from mRNA is called

a. Organelle formation

b. Protein production

c. Transcription

d. Peroxidosis

e. Translation

e. Translation

Enzymes

a. Decrease the amount of energy released by a chemical reaction

b. Increase the amount of energy released by a chemical reaction

c. Lower the stored energy of the reactants in a chemical reaction

d. Lower the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur

e. Lower the stored energy of the products in a chemical reaction

d. Lower the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur

mRNA is synthesized in the

a. Insulin receptor

b. Nucleus

c. Secretory vesicle

d. Mitochondrion

e. Ribosome

b. Nucleus

Which of the following would be most likely to cross a cell's plasma membrane by simple diffusion?

a. A larger carbohydrate

b. An ion

c. A small peptide

d. A small lipid

e. A small carbohydrate

d. A small lipid

When blood glucose climbs, the control center that interprets the change is located in the

a. Thyroid gland

b. Spinal ganglion

c. Spinal cord

d. Pancreas

e. Skeletal muscle

d. Pancreas

Glucose does not simply diffuse through a cell's plasma membrane because

a. Glucose is charged, but a cell's plasma membrane is not

b. Glucose is polar, but a cell's plasma membrane is not

c. Glucose is hydrophobic, but a cell's plasma membrane is not

b. Glucose is polar, but a cell's plasma membrane is not

Which of the following processes occurs first in the production of insulin?

a. Translation of mRNA

b. Protein processing

c. Exocytosis

d. Transcription of the insulin gene

e. Formation of secretory vesicles

d. Transcription of the insulin gene

If blood sodium dropped to dangerously low levels, cells in the body would

a. Swell and possibly pop

b. Shrink

c. Not change size

a. Swell and possibly pop

If all GLUT4 transporters were destroyed, would injected insulin lower blood glucose?

a. Yes

b. No

b. No

If a red blood cell is placed in a very dilute solution, what will happen

a. The cell will shrink

b. The cell will burst

c. The cell will not change shape.

b. The cell will burst

When blood glucose climbs, an effector that helps the body return to homeostasis is located in the

a. Spinal ganglion

b. Skeletal muscle

c. Pancreas

d. Spinal cord

e. Thyroid gland

b. Skeletal muscle

Sodium is moved from the inside of a cell to the outside of a cell by

a. Facilitated diffusion

b. Active transport

c. Simple diffusion

b. Active transport

How do forces act on potassium in resting cells?

a. Electrical gradient pushes in; concentration gradient pushes in

b. Electrical gradient pushes in; concentration gradient pushes out

c. Electrical gradient pushes out; concentration gradient pushes in

d. Electrical gradient pushes out; concentration gradient pushes out

b. Electrical gradient pushes in; concentration gradient pushes out

From rest, if we allow only potassium to cross a cell's membrane, the cell would get

a. More negative

b. More positive

c. Voltage would not change

a. More negative

Many choice: When treating type 1 diabetes mellitus, our brains work as the

a. Sensor

b. Effector

c. Control center

c. Control center

Do humans maintain blood glucose homeostasis?

a. Yes

b. No

a. Yes

The primary purpose of a buffer is to

a. Maintain the sodium concentration of a solution

b. Alter the sodium concentration of a solution

c. Maintain the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

d. Alter the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

c. Maintain the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

Which of the following is more treatable by lifestyle modifications?

a. Type 1 diabetes mellitus

b. Type 2 diabetes mellitus

b. Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Moving sodium from the inside of a cell to the outside of a cell

a. Requires the input of energy

b. Releases potential energy

c. Does not involve energy

a. Requires the input of energy

Which of the following is the site of most ATP synthesis in a cell?

a. The Golgi apparatus

b. The ribosome

c. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

d. The mitochondrion

e. The nucleus

d. The mitochondrion

A gene is

a. A segment of DNA that codes for the amino acid sequence in a protein

b. A segment of RNA that transports molecules across the cell's plasma membrane

c. A segment of DNA that forms the endoplasmic reticulum

d. A segment of DNA that acts as an enzyme

e. A segment of RNA that acts to convert glucose to ATP

a. A segment of DNA that codes for the amino acid sequence in a protein

While studying aliens, you notice the alien's cells need a particular amino acid called lysine. You want to determine how lysine enters the alien's cells. In the lab you notice that lysine enters cells whether or not ATP is present. However, if you add an amino acid that looks like lysine to the solution surrounding the cells, lysine enters the alien's cells more slowly. The mechanism by which lysine enters the alien's cells is most likely

a. Simple diffusion

b. Facilitated diffusion

c. Primary active transport

d. Secondary active transport

e. Magic

b. Facilitated diffusion

The aliens who have landed on earth are dependent on maintaining steady levels of a blood protein called "greenium." Greenium deteriorates as the aliens become active, but does not break down when they sleep. The enzyme greeniase is found in the blood and synthesizes greenium from a few amino acids that are always present. Which of the following statements is most likely true?

a. Greeniase activity is lower when aliens are awake

b. Greeniase activity is constant

c. Greeniase activity is higher when aliens are awake

c. Greeniase activity is higher when aliens are awake

Many choice: Alien fun many choice: When you draw blood from an alien, you notice that greenium levels remain constant in a test tube in all conditions. Which of the following must be present in alien blood? Note: "blood" is different from "body."

a. An effector that increases or decreases greenium levels

b. A sensor that changes shape as greenium levels change

c. A control center that interprets changes in greenium levels

a. An effector that increases or decreases greenium levels

b. A sensor that changes shape as greenium levels change

c. A control center that interprets changes in greenium levels

In the feedback loop that maintains steady levels of greenium, greeniase must be part of a(n)

a. Sensor

b. Control center

c. Effector

c. Effector

Many choice: In type 1 diabetes mellitus, which of the following are compromised?

a. The sensor

b. The effector

c. The control center

a. The sensor

c. The control center

All hyperosmotic solutions are hypertonic.

a. True

b. False

b. False

Which of the following makes sodium want to enter a resting cell?

a. The inside of a cell is negative

b. The inside of a cell is positive

c. There is no electrical attraction, but only a concentration gradient

a. The inside of a cell is negative

Many choice: In type 2 diabetes mellitus, which component(s) of the insulin feedback loop is/are first disrupted?

a. The sensor

b. The control center

c. The effector

c. The effector

Transcription is the name for a process in which

a. A DNA template is used to form a complimentary protein

b. A DNA template is used to form a complimentary strand of messenger RNA

c. An RNA template is converted to DNA

d. A DNA template is used to form a complimentary lipid

e. An RNA template is used to assemble proteins from amino acids

b. A DNA template is used to form a complimentary strand of messenger RNA

Why might changing pH of our blood affect an enzyme's activity?

a. Changing pH would disrupt the secondary structure of a protein

b. Changing pH would disrupt the primary structure of a protein

c. Changing pH changes the temperature of our blood

d. Changing pH would change the gene sequence for the enzyme

a. Changing pH would disrupt the secondary structure of a protein

Many choice: Sources of chemical potential energy in the body include

a. CO2

b. Protein

c. Carbohydrate

b. Protein

c. Carbohydrate

Which of the following makes sodium want to enter a resting cell?

a. Potassium concentrations are higher outside a cell than inside

b. Potassium concentrations are lower outside a cell than inside

c. Sodium concentrations are higher outside a cell than inside

d. Sodium concentrations are lower outside a cell than inside

c. Sodium concentrations are higher outside a cell than inside

A gene provides instructions for the

a. The tertiary structure of the protein

b. The primary structure of the protein

c. The secondary structure of the protein

d. The quaternary structure of the protein

b. The primary structure of the protein

How would adding acid to a non-buffered solution be most likely to affect protein structure?

a. Adding acid would disrupt the primary structure of the protein

b. Adding acid would disrupt the secondary and tertiary structure of the protein

c. Adding acid would cause the protein to become a carbohydrate

d. Adding acid would cause the protein to become a lipid

b. Adding acid would disrupt the secondary and tertiary structure of the protein

Many choice: By which of the following methods does a cell control the rate of a chemical reaction?

a. By changing the amount of energy released by a reaction

b. Through the controlling the activity of enzymes

c. By separating reactants from each other

b. Through the controlling the activity of enzymes

c. By separating reactants from each other

Glucose moves across the plasma membrane of a fat cell by

a. Active transport

b. Facilitated diffusion

c. Simple diffusion

b. Facilitated diffusion

The portion of a cell membrane that forms the core (inside) of a lipid bilayer consists primarily of

a. Carbohydrate

b. Lipid

c. Protein

d. Nucleic acids

b. Lipid

A box of dried pasta can sit on the shelf indefinitely without breaking down, but when we eat the pasta, starch is broken down into water and CO2. Energy stored in the bonds is released. The reason pasta breaks down in our bodies is that

a. Enzymes in our bodies lower the amount of energy required for chemical reactions to move forward

b. The breakdown of starch is endergonic and enzymes add energy to the reaction

c. Enzymes in our body increase the amount of energy released from the chemical reaction

d. Enzymes in our body make the starch hydrophobic so that it can cross the plasma membrane

a. Enzymes in our bodies lower the amount of energy required for chemical reactions to move forward

In human cells, a concentration gradient usually pushes potassium

a. Into a cell

b. Out of a cell

c. Neither into nor out of a cell

b. Out of a cell

If pancreatic beta cells are destroyed, will injected insulin lower blood glucose?

a. Yes

b. No

a. Yes

Which of the following could move two ions of the same charge in different directions?

a. Concentration gradients

b. Electrical forces

c. Both electrical and chemical gradients.

a. Concentration gradients

Translation is the name for a process in which

a. A DNA template is used to form a complimentary lipid

b. A DNA template is used to form a complimentary protein

c. An RNA template is used to assemble proteins from amino acids

d. A DNA template is used to form a complimentary strand of messenger RNA

e. An RNA template is converted to DNA

c. An RNA template is used to assemble proteins from amino acids

Where does gene transcription occur in a cell?

a. The Golgi apparatus

b. The ribosome

c. The nucleus

d. The mitochondrion

e. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

c. The nucleus

Many choice: Assume a growth factor from outside a cell tells the cell to divide. The growth factor cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane and there are no transport proteins for that growth factor. What can you deduce about the growth factor receptor?

a. The growth factor receptor must be at least partly exposed to the fluid outside a cell

b. The growth factor receptor must change shape when it binds to the growth factor

c. The growth factor receptor must be connected to the inside of the cell

a. The growth factor receptor must be at least partly exposed to the fluid outside a cell

b. The growth factor receptor must change shape when it binds to the growth factor

c. The growth factor receptor must be connected to the inside of the cell

Which of the following would be most detrimental to a cell's survival?

a. 4 defective mRNA molecules

b. 4 defective mitochondria

c. 4 defective ribosomes

d. 4 defective genes involved in the production of ATP

e. 4 defective proteins involved in the production of ATP

d. 4 defective genes involved in the production of ATP

Ions moving down their electrochemical gradient

a. Require the input of energy

b. Release potential energy

c. Does not involve energy

b. Release potential energy

Moving potassium into a cell would

a. Release energy

b. Require energy input

c. Neither release energy nor require energy input

b. Require energy input

If blood sodium dropped to dangerously low levels, how might you treat the patient?

a. By administering a hypotonic solution

b. By administering a hypertonic solution

c. By administering isotonic saline

b. By administering a hypertonic solution