Intro to Anatomy Need To Knows

Created using the Anatomy Need to Knows Document

Anatomy

The study of structure

Physiology

The study of function

Integumentary System

Functions to cover the body, protect underlying tissues, regulate body temperature, house sensory receptors, and synthesize certain products

Skeletal System

Supports the body, provides frameworks and protective shields, acts with muscles for movement, produces blood cells, and stores inorganic salts

Muscular System

Supports and moves the body, maintains posture, and is a source of body heat

Nervous System

Controls and adjusts various functions to maintain homeostasis

Endocrine System

Secretes hormones to alter the metabolism of target cells

Cardiovascular System

Transports substances throughout the internal environment, including gasses, nutrients, hormones, and wastes

Lymphatic/Immune System

Transports tissue fluid, carries fatty substances, and defends against infections

Digestive System

Receives and absorbs nutrients and oxygen, excretes wastes

Respiratory System

Moves air in and out of the body, exchanges gases between blood and air

Excretory/Urinary System

Removes wastes from blood, helps maintain water and electrolyte balance

Reproductive System

Male: produces and maintains sperm; Female: produces and maintains eggs, supports prenatal development and birth process

Chemical Level

Includes atoms and molecules like water and proteins

Cellular Level

Comprises cells, the basic units of life

Tissue Level

Consists of groups of similar cells like muscle and nervous tissue

Organ Level

Made of different tissues, examples include heart and lungs

Organ System Level

Groups of organs working together, like the digestive system

Organismal Level

The entire human body functioning as a whole

Anatomical Position

Body erect, feet slightly apart, head facing forward, palms facing forward, left & right sides from the object's point of view

Anterior

Toward the front of the body

Posterior

Toward the back of the body

Superior

Indicates upward direction (toward head)

Inferior

Indicates downward direction (toward feet)

Medial

Closer to the midline than something else

Lateral

Farther from the midline than something else

Bilateral

Farther away and on both sides of the midline

Superficial

Toward the surface of the body

Deep

Toward the interior of a structure

Proximal

Closer to the trunk than something else, used for extremities

Distal

Farthest from the trunk, further away from the main part of the body

Sagittal Plane

Vertical plane dividing the body into right & left halves

Midsagittal or Median Plane

Cut from superior to inferior, separating the body into equal right and left halves

Parasagittal

Cut parallel to the median plane

Transverse Plane

Horizontal cut dividing the body into superior & inferior portions

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Cut separating the body into anterior & posterior halves

Visceral

Lining on the organ

Parietal

Lining within cavity walls

Dorsal Cavity

Subdivided into cranial cavity and vertebral canal

Cranial Cavity

Holds the brain

Meninges

Lining of the cranial cavity

Spinal Cavity

Runs along the vertebrae and contains the spinal cord

Ventral Cavity

Subdivided into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

Pleura

Thoracic Lining

Subdivision of the Thoracic cavity: Pleural

Lungs only

Subdivision of the Thoracic cavity: Mediastinum

Between the lungs

Subdivision of the Thoracic cavity: Pericardial (within mediastinum)

Contains heart only

Thoracic Cavity

Contains pleura, subdivided into pleural, mediastinum, and pericardial

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities

Abdominal Cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver and other organs.

Peritoneum

Abdominal Lining

Pelvic Cavity

Contains bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum

Positive Feedback

Amplifies output in response to a stimulus, intensifying the effect in the same direction

Negative Feedback

Reduces output in response to a stimulus, maintaining stability by reversing changes

Abdominal

Trunk Area Below Ribs

Antebrachium

Forearm

Antecubital

Front of Elbow

Axillary

Armpit

Brachial

Upper Arm

Buccal

Cheek

Carpal

Wrist

Coxal

Hip Joint Area

Digital

Fingers and Toes

Femoral

Thigh Area

Fibular

Outside Lower Leg

Inguinal

Groin Area/Trunk Meets Abdomen

Mammary

Breast Area (Male and Female)

Nasal

Nose Area

Oral

Mouth Area

Orbital

Eye Area

Palmar

Palm of Hand

Patellar

Kneecap (Front of Knee)

Pectoral

Chest Area

Pedal

Foot

Pelvic

Hip Area

Pubic

Middle Area Between Abdomen and Thighs (Includes Area of Genitals)

Sternal

Middle Area of Chest

Tarsal

Ankle

Thoracic

Chest

Umbilical

Area Around Umbilical

Acromial

Shoulder Area

Cephalic

Head

Cervical

Neck Area

Dorsal

Back

Gluteal

Bottom (Backside)

Lumbar

Lower Back

Manus

Hand

Otic

Ear

Occipital

Back of Head

Olecranal

Elbow Area

Perineal

Area Between Genitals and Anus

Popliteal

Behind the Knee

Plantar

Bottom of the Foot

Sacral

Tailbone

Scapular

Shoulder Blades

Vertebral

Spine/Backbone