Chemistry Unit 5 - Bonding

color code: blue

chemical bond

an attraction between two nuclei due to the electrons between themthat allows atoms to form molecules.

electrostatic attraction

the attractive force between atoms/molecules of opposite charges; this causes chemical bonds to form

electronegativity

the ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond

ionic bond

a bond resulting from a transfer of electrons

octet rule

a guideline to drawing Lewis structures, where atoms should have a filled valence shell (noble gas configuration)

C, N, and O MUST have a filled valence shell

exceptions: Be, B, or when an atom exceeds the octet in period 3 or greater

inert (noble) gas configuration

the configuration of an atom where its valence shell is completely filled, leading to its most stable configuration

valence electrons

the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom

formula unit

the lowest whole number ratio of the ions in the sample

properties of ionic substances

• high MP/BP

• crystalline solids at STP

• do not conduct electricity in the solid state; good conductors when molten or in solution

metallic bonding

the bond between metals that results from a “sea” of mobile electrons, where electrons are not bound to any particular atom

metallic properties

• malleable, ductile

• conducts heat (solid) and electricity (solid & liquid)

• luster

• solid

covalent bonding

bonding between nonmetals that result from a sharing of electrons

nonpolar covalent bond

a bond between two nonmetals resulting from a sharing of electrons, where electrons are shared equally

polar covalent bond

a bond between two nonmetals resulting from a sharing of electrons, where the electrons are shared unequally

single bond

a covalent bond between two atoms that share two electrons

double bond

a covalent bond between two atoms that share four electrons instead of two

triple bond

a covalent bond between two atoms that share six electrons instead of two

nonpolar molecule

a molecule that has no partial charges, resulting in no electrostatic attraction

usually because of symmetrical molecular structure

polar molecule

a molecule that has a partial positive charge on one end and a partial negative charge on the other end, resulting in an attractive force to other molecules

molecular structure is typically asymmetrical, leading to unequal distribution of charges

VSEPR model

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion

just memorize the chart later