Chemistry GCSE

What elements are Hydrocarbons made of?

Carbon & Hydrogen

What is crude oil?

A mixture of Hydrocarbons

How does the industrial process of fractional distillation separate crude oil into fractions?

The crude oil is pre heated until it’s vapourised, it enters the bottom of the fractionating column, the column is hottest at the bottom and coolest at the top, the vapours rise up the column, as they move up they cool and eventually condense at different heights depending on their boiling points, some molecules do not cool enough to condense and leave through the top as a gas.

What are the names of the fractions?

Refinery Gases, Gasoline, Kerosene, Diesel, Fuel Oil, Bitumen

What are Refinery Gases used for?

Domestic Heating

What is Gasoline used for?

Fuel for cars

What is Kerosene used for?

Aviation fuel

What is Diesel used for?

Bus fuel

What is Fuel Oil used for?

Heating of large buildings

What is Bitumen used for?

Road making

What is the trend in colour of the main fractions?

The larger the molecule the darker the colour

What is the trend in in boiling point of the main fractions?

The larger the molecule the higher the boiling point

What is the trend in viscosity of the main fractions?

The larger the molecule the more viscous

Explain the process of cracking

The large alkane is put in a boiling tube containing mineral wool soaked in hydrocarbon oil and a catalyst of silica or alumina, when heated it passes through a clamp and a delivery tube into an upside down boiling tube, which is filled with water in a trough, which will be pushed out by the gases which replace this

What is a fuel?

Fuels are substances that release heat energy when burnt

What is needed for complete combustion?

Plenty of oxygen

What is needed for incomplete combustion?

Limited oxygen

What is cracking?

Cracking is where large hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller hydrocarbons

Why is cracking necessary?

Crude Oil contains more large hydrocarbons that needed and not enough small hydrocarbons because smaller hydrocarbons make better fuels and therefore are in higher demand

What are the conditions for cracking?

600-700 degrees, silica or alumina catalyst

What is the general formula of alkanes?

CnH2n+2

What is the general formula for alkenes?

CnH2n

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated?

saturated

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated?

unsaturated

What are the products of complete combustion of alkanes?

CO2+H2O

What are the products of complete combustion of alkenes?

CO2+H2O

What type of reaction occurs between Bromine and alkanes?

substitution

What type of reaction occurs between Bromine and alkenes?

addition

How fast do alkanes react with Bromine?

Only with UV light

How fast do alkenes react with Bromine?

immediate

Why is Carbon Monoxide poisonous?

Binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells and restricts the bloods oxygen capacity

What is needed for Nitrogen and Oxygen to form oxides of Nitrogen?

Very high temperature in a car engine

What causes acid rain?

If fuels with sulphur impurities are burnt, they release sulphuric acid gas, which diffuses into water in the atmosphere

What is the problem with acid rain?

reacts with calcium carbonates like sandstone

What is a homologous series?

same functional group, same general formula, similar chemical properties, a trend in physical properties, difference of CH2

What is a substitution reaction?

a halogen atom and a hydrogen atom swap places

What is an addition reaction?

a double bond is broken to create space for bonds of the atoms being added

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

alkanes as they only contain single bonds

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

alkenes as they contain at least one double bond

What is the functional group of alkenes?

C=C

Describe the Bromine water test?

Add a few drops of orange bromine water to the test tube and shake the mixture, alkanes will remain orange in colour, alkenes will become colourless

Displayed Formula (eg. Butane)

stick diagrams

Structural Formula(eg. Butane)

CH3CH2CH2CH3

Molecular Formula (eg. Butane)

C4H10

Emphirical Formula (eg. Butane)

C2H5

What is the formula for Hydrochloric acid?

HCl

What is the formula for Nitric acid?

HNO3

What is the formula for Sulfuric acid?

H2SO4

What is the formula for Ethanoic acid?

CH3COOH

What is the formula for Sodium Hydroxide?

NaOH

What is the formula for Copper (II) Oxide?

CuO

What is the formula for Calcium carbonate?

CaCO3

What is the formula for Ammonia?

NH3

What are the diatomic elements?

Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine

What is the formula for Carbon dioxide?

CO2

What is the formula for Carbon monoxide?

CO

What is the formula for Soot?

C

What is the formula for Buckminsterfullerene?

C60

What is the formula for Sulphur dioxide?

SO2

What is the formula for Methane?

CH4

What is the formula for Ethene?

C2H4

What is the formula for Ethanol?

CH3CH2OH

What is the formula for Copper (II) Sulfate?

CuSO4

What is the formula for Hydrated Copper (II) Sufate?

CuSO4.5H2O

What is the charge for ions in group 1?

+

What is the charge for ions in group 2?

2+

What is the charge for ions in group 3?

3+

What is the charge for ions in group 5?

3-

What is the charge for ions in group 6?

2-

What is the charge for ions in group 7?

-

What is the ion of Silver?

Ag+

What is the ion of Zinc?

Zn2+

What is the ion of Copper (II)?

Cu2+

What is the ion of Iron (II)?

Fe2+

What is the ion of Iron (III)?

Fe3+

What is the ion of Hydrogen?

H+

What is the ion of Hydroxide?

OH-

What is the ion of Nitrate?

NO3 -

What is the ion of Carbonate?

CO3 2-

What is the ion of Sulfate?

SO4 2-

What is the ion of Ammonium?

NH4 +

How many atoms are represented by the prefix: mono?

1

How many atoms are represented by the prefix: di?

2

How many atoms are represented by the prefix: tri?

3

How many atoms are represented by the prefix: tetra?

4

How many atoms are represented by the prefix: penta?

5

How many atoms are represented by the prefix: hexa?

6

State the ‘state symbols’?

gas (g), liquid (l), solid (s), aqueous (aq)

What is the state symbol for an acid?

aq