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fluvioglacial landscapes
found at edges of warm-based and retreating glaciers
associated with flowing meltwater
meltwater seasonal
very dynamic
meltwater
cold and loaded with suspended sediment
depending on the type of sediment it can be milky, grey or brown in colour
subglacial meltwater exits the snout of the glacier under hydrostatic pressure through meltwater tunnels
processes
deposition
basal sliding
nivation
plucking
abrasion
meltwater channels
formed from erosion due to the flow of meltwater beneath or close to an ice-sheet margin
subglacial- found beneath the glacier glacier
englacial- within the body of glacial ice
lateral- following the glacial edge
surface- over the surface of glacier
proglacial- drains form front of glacier
outwash plains
An outwash plain, also called a sandur (plural: sandurs), sandr or sandar, is a plain formed of glaciofluvial deposits due to meltwater outwash at the terminus of a glacier. As it flows, the glacier grinds the underlying rock surface and carries the debris along.
kettle holes
hollows formed when blocks of ice calved from the main glacier and left on the outwash plain as the glacier retreated
ice blocks subsequent melts
water filled kettle holes know as lakes
kames
these are mounds of sand and gravel found on the glacier valley floor
supraglacial streams collect in surface depressions and deposit layers of debris layers of debris
glacial retreat dumps the sorted debris on valley floor
Kame terraces are piles of deposited debris left by meltwater channels running between the glacier and the valley sides
similar in appearance to moraines however are sorted layers
crevasse kames are small hummocks left behind glacial surface
Eskers
long, winding ridges of sand and gravel, running parallel to the glacier
they are deposited by subglacial meltwater streams
several kilometers and reach heights of 30m
stream dries up and load remains as an esker
shows past glaciation
Note
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