Adolescent Development Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from an adolescent development lecture.

Crowds

Based on reputation rather than actual social interaction (e.g., populars, jocks, nerds).

Cliques

Settings for intimate interactions and friendships.

Authoritarian Parenting

Strict rules, little warmth, obedience expected.

Authoritative Parenting

Child-centered, democratic, flexible; warm, accepting, trusting; supports assertiveness.

Indulgent Parenting

Lack of rules, no guidelines, child-centered, warm, accepting.

Indifferent Parenting

Poses few demands, does not supervise, dismissing, detached, poor communication.

Self-efficacy theory

An individual's belief in their ability to succeed.

Mastery (Self-efficacy)

Actual performances on a task that influence self-efficacy.

Vicarious experiences (Self-efficacy)

Observing others succeed or fail, which influences self-efficacy.

Verbal persuasion (Self-efficacy)

Encouragement and positive feedback that influence self-efficacy.

Physiological and Emotional States (Self-efficacy)

An individual’s physical and emotional state during a task, influences self-efficacy.

Sociocultural theory

Learning is a social process shaped by interactions with others and the tools/values of a culture.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The space between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance from a more knowledgeable other (MKO).

MKO

More Knowledgeable Other; provides scaffolding within the ZPD.

Scaffolding

Temporary support to help learners bridge the gap within the ZPD.

Social control theory

If individuals are bonded to their community, they are less likely to break norms/laws.

Theory of mind

Understanding that others have mental states (beliefs, desires, intentions) that may differ from one's own.

Self-determination theory

The ability to make one’s own choices and control one’s own life; inherent tendency to move towards growth.

Competence (Motivation)

Feeling that one can successfully produce desired effects and outcomes.

Relatedness/Connection (Motivation)

Feeling close and connected to others one considers significant.

Autonomy (Motivation)

The need to experience behavior as voluntary; feeling control over what we do.

Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation from within; internal drives that inspire us.

Extrinsic motivation

Drive to behave in a certain way based on external sources and external rewards.

Sensation seeking

Likelihood to engage in risky behavior.

Social exclusion/rejection

Threatens core psychological needs: belonging, self-esteem, control; can lead to sadness/anger.

Microsystem

Immediate environments where direct interactions occur.

Mesosystem

Interconnections between microsystems (e.g., family and school).

Exosystem

External settings that indirectly influence development (e.g., school boards, parent workplace).

Macrosystem

Broader cultural and societal influences (e.g., cultural values, laws).

Chronosystem

Incorporates time; recognizes that both the individual and their environments change over time.

Puberty

Time which adolescence becomes capable of sexual reproduction.

Plasticity (Brain)

The capacity of the brain to change in response to experience, enabling learning and strengthening abilities.

Pruning (Brain)

Unused synapses (connections between neurons) are eliminated.

Myelination (Brain)

Myelin (fatty substance) is added to axons, making impulse flow faster and more efficient.

Reminiscence Bump

Experiences from adolescence are generally recalled more than those from other life stages.

Personal fable

A belief that one's thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique, special, or invulnerable to harm.

Imaginary audience

Teenagers believe that people are talking about them.

Reference Group

A group against which an individual compares themself.

Preconventional Morality (Kohlberg)

Focus: avoiding punishment and gaining rewards.

Conventional Morality (Kohlberg)

Focus: social norms, expectations, laws, and maintaining social order.

Postconventional Morality (Kohlberg)

Reasoning based on abstract ethical principles and universal individual rights.

Preconventional (Gilligan)

Focus on survival and self-interest.

Conventional (Gilligan)

Prioritize selflessness and caring about others.

Postconventional (Gilligan)

Emphasize taking responsibility for choices and gaining control of own lives; caring for others is a strong component.

Normative Development

Developmental changes that are typical and expected within a given society or culture.

Non-normative Development

Atypical or unexpected developmental changes that are not common among most individuals.

Substance abuse

Pattern of substance use that can lead to significant impairment or distress.

The Sleeper Effect (Divorce)

The effects of divorce may not surface until late adolescence.

Sociometric Popularity

How well-liked an individual is; determined mainly by social skills, friendliness, sense of humor.

Perceived Popularity

How much status or prestige an individual has; determinants are highly variable.

Hostile attribution bias

The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions as deliberately hostile.

Proactive Aggression

Aggressive behavior that is deliberate, planned, and strategic.

Reactive Aggression

Aggressive behavior that is unplanned and impulsive.