AP World Unit 3 -Land-Based Empires

Manchu in China

Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Ottoman Empire

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

Safavid Empire

Turkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.

Safavid and Mughal Conflict

Two gunpowder empires that emerged on the Silk Roads that often engaged in conflict with one another due to the Sunni-Shia split.

Ottoman devshirme

in the Ottoman Empire, the policy of taking boys from conquered Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers loyal to the sultan

Janissaries

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army

Mexica practice of human sacrifice

The Mexica used human sacrifice as a means exerting control over subjugated peoples.

European notions of Divine Right

Belief that absolute rulers in Europe used to justify their authority, arguing that their power comes directly from God.

Songhai promotion of Islam

In addition to controlling trade, promoted Islam with it's architecture

Qing Imperial Portraits

Portraits of Qing emperors used to legitimize their rule

Incan Religion

polytheistic emphasizing sun god (Inti), llama sacrifice then human sacrifice. Built a sun temple at Cuzco

Mughal mausolea and mosques

Mughal rulers created architectural style that reflected Islamic and Hindu styles.

Versailles

Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility.

Winter Palace

Peter the Great in Russia built in St. Peterburg largely on influence of Versailles

Mughal Zamindar tax collection

people to act as tax officers, sending them around the country to oversee collection of revenue and remit it to the capital city of Delhi

Ottoman Taxes

nobles would pay the taxes to the sultan and were then given permission to go collect or recoup their money from the people in the region

Ming Dynasty Collecting Taxes in Hard Currency

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. Used the practice of hard currency for economic exchanges. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

Indulgence

Within the Catholic Church, this is the remission punishment for ones sins. Centuries ago the Church would sell certificates that would get a person out of purgatory. This practice contributed to the Protestant Reformation.

Diet of Worms (1521)

A series of imperial meetings at the bishop's palace at Worms in the Rhineland where Luther defended his doctrines before the emperor Charles V. On April 18, Luther declared his final refusal to recant those doctrines, and on May 26, Charles V issued an imperial edict condemning those doctrines.

95 Theses (1517)

Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation

Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation)

A response to the Protestant Reformation. A reform movement to abolish abuses of the church and bring back traditional values. The Catholic Church's movement that stopped selling indulgences. It created the Jesuit order to spread Catholic ideas across the world.

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

John Calvin (1509-1564)

A French theologian who established a theocracy In Geneva and is best known for his theory of predestination. Protestant Reformation figure.

Sikhism

the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam

Mexica tribute lists

Tribute lists show what items, like bird feathers, greenstone or jade, and textiles, that peoples controlled by the Mexica sent back to Tenochtitlan.